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HUI.I.BTIN   No.  One.— OFFICES  OF  THE  PROPAGANDA  FOR  THE  NATIONAL  GALLERY, 

Glovkr  Building,   1419  F  Street,  Washington,   D.  C,  anu  the  Pompeia,  Saratoga  Springs,   N.  Y, 

PRICE,   FIFTY  CENTS. 


AMI 

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("opyright  of  Design  by 


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Franklin  W.  Smith,  of  Boston, 

with  Rknwick,  Aspinwall  &  Russell,  Aicliitects, 

New  York    iSyo. 


••:  ••• 
•I  •  < 


Copyriglit  of  Title  and  ProspectLis  by 
Fkanki.in  W.  Smith, 


Gibson  Bros., 

printers  and  bookbinders, 

washington,  d.  c. 


• 


I 


Note.  — This  publication  is  in  advocacy  of  a  National  Educational  Institution, 
in  which  Art  shall  attract  by  beauty  and  illumination,  thus  stimulating  inquiry  ; 
and  AcTUAi.rrv  of  the  environment  of  historical  incidents  in  their  order,  impress 
and  intensify  memory. 

Its  aim  is  for  an  intellectual  incitant  of  the  people,  initiative  of  study  to  the 
unlearned,  and  contributing  to  scholarship  a  vast  and  systematic  treasure-house  of 
material. 

Its  plan  is  prospective  of  continuous  growth  from  its  popular  benefits. 

The  expedients  suggested  invite  discussion  for  their  improvement. 

1^"  /;/  behalf,  therefore,  of  the  public  welfare,  the  reader  is  solicited  to  aid 
in  "The  Propaganda"  hereinafter  devised.     (See  page  los). 


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A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  HISTORY  AND  Aftf. 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Pages. 


No.    1. 

No.  2. 
No.  3. 
No.  4. 
,No.  5. 
No.  6. 
No.  7. 
No.  8. 
No.  9. 
No.  10. 
No.  1 1. 
No.  12. 
Nos.  14, 
No.  13. 
No.  19. 


'Cover — Elevation  of  Parthenonic  Temples  upon  Ob- 
servatory Site,  from  Pennsylvania  Avenue. 
Elevation  of  Columbian  Temple  and  American 
Galleries,  from  entrance  to  the  Forum. 

Frontispiece — The  Parthenon, 

Title  page — Ornament  from  a  Spanish  Gateway, 

General  view  of  Galleries, 

Ground  Plan  of  Historical  Temples  and  Galleries, 
Plan  of  Washington,  in  perspective,    .... 

Plan  of  Washington, 

Restoration  of  Roman  Forum, 

Model  of  the  Porta  Maggiore,  Rome, 
Model  of  Mickelgate  Bar,  York,  England,    . 
Models  of  Chinese  Pagoda  and  Giotto's  Campanile, 
The  "  Pompeia,"  Saratoga  Springs,  reproduction, 
15,  16,  17,  18 — Interiors  of  the  "  Pompeia," 

Ground  Plan  of  the  Pompeia, 

Restoration  of  the  Temple  of  Jupiter,  Pompeii,    . 


2 
3 
4 

6 

7 

10 
12 
12 
12 

'3 
14-16 

'7 
20 


Illustrations  of  Foreign  Museums. 
Nos.  20,  21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  26,  27,  28,  29,  ^o,       .         .         .  21-28 

Drawings  by  Messrs.  Renwick,  y4spinwall  &  Russell,  Archts. 

Nos.  31-42,  inclusive, 29-;7 

Illustrations  of  Modern  Constructions  in  Concrete. 
Nos.  43,  44,  45,  46,  47,  48,  49,  50,  S2,  ....   18-47 

No.  53.  Part  of  Roman  Forum  restored — Canina,     ...        48 

Architectural  Illustrations  of  Temples,  Monuments,  Dwell- 
ings, etc. — Ancient  and  Medievval — such  as  should  be 
reproduced  in  the  Courts  or  Galleries,  upon  the  full  or 
a  reduced  scale. 

Nos.  54,  55,  56,  63-74,  86-ios,     ...'...  49-75 
Nos.  112,  113,  114,  115,   116, 80-84 

Illustrations  for  Historical  Paintings,  from  Pinelli's  Istoria 

Roniana. 
Nos.  57,  58,  59,  60,  61,  62, Si-53 

Subjects  for  illustration  of  Interior  Architecture,  and  Civil 

and  Domestic  Life  and  Manners — Renaissance. 
Nos.  106,  107,  108,  109,  110,  III, 76-79 


Pages. 
Example  for  Panoramic  Painting  of  the  Architectural  Aspect 

of  Cities  in  different  ages. 
No.  85.  Paris  in  the  time  of  Francis  First,         ....        63 

Specimen  Chart  for  Object  Illustration. 
No.  70.  The  World's  Monuments,  from  Kensington  Museum,  .         58 

Allegorical  Illuslrations  of  the  Ceramic  Art  of  all  Nations 

(America  excepted),  Paris  Exhibition,  i8y8. 
Nos.  75  to  84,  inclusive.  Grafito  Tiles,  by  Solon,      ...         62 

Illustrations  of  the  Roman  and  Saracenic  Courts,  with  Re- 
productions OF  Buildings  and  Monuments. 
Nos.  90-94, 66-68 

Illustrations  of  the  Temples  and  Dwellings  of  Mankind — 
Modern — proposed  for  gradual  reproduction  in  Ihe  Park 
ISTORIA,  along  the  Avenue  to  the  Forum,  with  interior 
illustration.* 


Nos.  117-123,  inclusive, 


.  85-89 


Nos.  124,  125.  Photographs  (for  this  use)  near  the  Naval  Ob- 
servatory,          00-91 

Nos.  126,  127,  128.  Decorations  of  the   Baths   of  Titus,  and 

Raphael's  1-oggie  of  the  Vatican, 94-96 

Nos.  129,  130.   Pre-historic  remains  in  Central  America,  .         .        97 

Nos.  131,  n2.  Addenda  —  Giacommelli's  illustrations  of  Mich- 

elet's  Bird, 99 

No.  n5.  llUistratlon  of  details  in  fine  sand  concrete,         .         .       102 

No.  134.   Reproduction  of  tracery  from  the  Alhambra;  Court  of 

Villa  Zorayda, 104 

Nos.  135,  136,  137,  138.   Pennsylvania  Avenue  in  May,  1891. 

Bulletin  No.  2, 106-108 

Nos.  139,  140.  Paris  in  1852  and  1862.     Bulletin  No.  2,  .       109 

No.  141.  Rossini's  restoration  of  the  Villa  of  Mecenas,  .  .  110 
No.  142.  Rossini's  restoration  of  the  Temple  of  Fortune-Pre- 

neste, no 

No.  143.  Canina's  restoration   of   the   Circus   Maximus,   with 

added  motifs, 1  1 1 

No.  144.  Suggestion  for  Colonnades  through  the  Union  and 

National  Avenues, in 

No.  145.  A  Map, Cover 


*The  reproductions  proposed,  of  course,  do  not  imagine  tlie  entire  and  costly  interior  ornament,  mosaics,  etc.  Building  space  will 
be  demanded  for  the  various  nation.alities;  and  materi.ils,  for  instance,  may  as  well  be  arranged  in  the  forms  of  St.  Sophia,  or  San  Salute,  as  in 
improvised  designs.     Of  such  structures  as  the  Taj,  an  effective  portion  or  fayade  would  be  given. 

|^"The  illustrations  are  marked  R,  as  advised  for  reproduction  on  full  scale,  and  M,  for  models. 

For  these  illustr.ations  the  anthor  is  indebted  beyond  the  previous  acknowledgment  to  the  Architectural  Works  of  Fergusson,  Viollet  le 
Due,  Owen,  and  Rosengarten;  to  Turner's  History  of  Art  (London);  to  Amil's  Espaiia  Historica;  Haghe's  Sketches  in  Belgium;  Mijller's  Age 
of  Francis  First;  The  London  Builder;  Pinelli's  Istoria  Romana;  Canina's  L'Architetura  Romano;  Rossini's  Antichita  dei  Contorni  di  Roma; 
Owen's  Architecture;  The  Washington  Board  of  Trade  for  Plans  of  Washington,  and  other  various  sources  as  quoted. 


The   Author  Solicits  the   Reader  to  Delay  Conclusions  upon  this 

PLAN  AND  PROSPECTUS 

Until   Investigation  of  the   Following   Data  and  the   Requirements   Anticipated. 


It  is  believed  that  these  considerations  will  counteract  any  impulsive  impression  of  an  excessive  scale  of  plan, 
and  that  they  will  prove — 

First: — That  while  the  design  is  surpassingly  grand  in  architectural  effect,  and  may  appear  exaggerated 
above  probable  demand,  it  is  in  fact  only  proportionate  in  area  to  the  capacity  of  existing  institutions. 

Second: — That  the  apparent  vastness  of  the  structure  is  the  effect  of  only  one-story  galleries  (with  basements) 
upon  terraces,  giving  unequalled  grandeur  to  the  mass,  and  suggesting  excessive  cost;  while,  in  tact,  from  its 
simplicity  of  form  and  internal  vacuity,  it  will  not  cost  the  half  of  corresponding  cubical  area  in  other  National 
constructions,  with  their  usual  heights,  successive  stories,  internal  divisions,  and  lavish  ornamentation. 

Third: — That  the  galleries  as  designed  are  not  only  the  most  economical  for  great  accommodation,  but  are 
best  adapted  to  the  uses  demanded;  their  arrangement  around  open  courts  being  essential  for  the  new  and 
extraordinary  facilities  proposed  for  a  modern  and  advanced  institution — that  should  forecast  the  needs  of 
100,000,000  population,  in  oceanic  separation  from  all  remains  of  former  civilizations.  Three  of  the  most 
novel  and  important  of  these  provisions  contemplated  are: 

A.  Galleries  for  illustrations  in  chronological  order,  of  the  events  of  historic  periods  and  nationalities,  by 
paintings  in  series,  and  by  replica  of  artistic  and  archaeological  material  upon  ample  scale. 

B.  Galleries,  likewise,  of  casts  and  models  of  all  architectural  orders  and  National  styles,  of  statuary,  inscrip- 
tions, bas-reliefs,  etc.,  more  systematic  in  arrangement  and  extensive  in  range  than  any  now  in  existence. 

C.  Reproductions  in  full  size,  in  the  courts  of  the  respective  galleries  of  historic  nationalities;  of  their 
remaining  monuments;  and  reproductions  of  temples,  dwellings,  tombs,  etc.,  typical  of  their  religion,  life, 
manners,  and  art. 

Fourth  : — That  this  asserted  economy  in  construction  will  result  from  the  use  of  the  material  and  methods 
advised,  viz :  of  sand-Roman-cement-concrete,  moulded  in  repetition  of  the  simple  forms  delineated,  at  much  less 
cost  than  of  ordinary  brickwork: — the  advantages  of  said  material  and  the  feasibility  of  said  methods  being 
illustrated  from  both  ancient  and  late  modern  practice.  This  opinion  has  also  the  concurrent  judgment  of  the 
eminent  architectural  firm  associated  with  the  author  in  this  publication.  The  argument  for  concrete  is  by  no  means 
based  upon  its  comparative  cheapness  alone.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  believed  to  be  better  in  view  of  all  requirements 
involved  than  any  stone.  An  experimental  construction  is  proposed ;  then,  if  marble  or  stone  may  be  deemed  pref- 
erable, either  should  be  used,  regardless  of  cost.  The  United  States  of  America  can  afford  the  best  facilities  the 
world  offers  for  such  important  and  enduring  interests. 

Fifth:— That  the  aggregation  of  material  proposed  to  be  gradually  obtained  is  inexpensive  in  comparison 
to  the  cost  of  original  art  and  antiquarian  treasures,  while  as  valuable  in  practical  use.  Masterpieces  and  gems 
of  art,  it  may  be  anticipated,  will  steadily  accrue  to  National  ownership  from  individual  generosity  and  such 
foundations  as  the  Corcoran  Gallery  and  the  various  Metropolitan  museums. 


No.    8. RESIOKMION    OK    THE    KOMAN    FORUM      BY    C.    R.    COCKERELL, 


ACKNOWLEDGMENT. 


I  am  indebted  to  the  co-operation  and  architectural  ability  of  Mr.  James  Ren- 
wick  and  his  partners,  Messrs.  Renwick,  Aspinwall  and  Russell,  New  York,  for  the 
superb  drawings  illustrating  my  imaginative  description  of  The  National  Gallery. 

Mr.  Renwick's  national  reputation  as  architect  of  the  Cathedral  in  New  York, 
of  the  Smithsonian  Institution  and  Corcoran  Art  Gallery  in  Washington,  of  Vassar 
College,  etc.,  etc.,  dates  from  his  first  and  monumental  work,  Grace  Church,  N.  Y., 
1843; 

The  history  of  the  design  is  as  follows : 

In  April,  1890,  Mr.  Renwick,  Senior,  listened  to  the  substance  of  this  paper  in 
St.  Augustine  with  a  responsive  interest  that  enlisted  its  repetition  to  his  partners 
in  New  York.  The  firm  then  offered  to  illustrate  my  conception  of  the  buildings 
gratuitously.  Hence,  the  grand  drawing,  ground  plan,  details  of  illustrative  build- 
ings, etc.,  which  have  employed  for  six  months  the  best  talent  of  their  office,  at  a 
cost  to  them  above  fifteen  hundred  dollars,  are  the  results. 

With  the  superb  restoration  of  the  Roman  Forum,  by  Cockerell,  which  I 
fortunatelj^  found  in  London  (the  grandest  that  has  ever  been  conceived),  was  the 
architectural  reproduction  by  Canina. 

The  Temple  of  Jove,  upon  the  Capitoline  Hill,  with  terraced  sub-constructions, 
gave  me  the  conception  of  temples  upon  a  height  surmounting  ranges  of  galleries 
and  porticoes.  The  restorations  of  the  Villa  of  Hadrian,  by  Rossini,  and,  finally, 
the  late  elaborate  reproduction  of  Rome  with  a  Triumph  of  Constantine,  by  Pro- 
fessors Buhlman  and  Wagner,  of  Munich,  aided  tlie  imposing  realization. 

We  borrow  from  classic  Greece  its  splendid  architecture  that  it  may  challenge 

all  criticism. 

Franklin  W.  Smith. 

Villa  Zorayj>a, 
St.  Augustine,  April  13,  i8gt. 


PREFATORY 


TO    A 


PROSPECTUS   FOR   A   NATIONAL   GALLERY, 


BY 

FRANKLIN    W.    SMITH,    of    boston. 


THE  following  paper  is  an  imaginative  consummation  of  what  modern  philosophy  would 
name  a  mental  evolution.  Its  substance  is  by  no  means  an  impulsive  vision  nor  the 
exaggeration  of  a  dream.  Its  inception  and  development  have  been  through  a  period  of  forty 
years  of  considerable  study,  travel,  and  practical  {amateur)  experience  in  architectural  design, 
modelling,  and  construction. 

In  warrant  for  the  prominence  now  given  to  it,  the  appearance  of  a  personalty  is  unavoidable- 
It  involves  a  sketch  somewhat  autobiographical  to  show  the  origin  and  growth  of  a  conception 
which  has  now  taken  shape  in  the  magnificent  drawing  herein  reproduced,  and  the  details  of  an 
institution  described. 

In  185  r  the  writer  made  his  first  tour  of  European  travel  after  examination  of  the  first  World's 
Exposition  in  London.  Returning  home,  impressions  of  places  and  objects  revived  with  covetous 
yearnings  for  their  more  substantial  resemblance  than  the  poor  pictures  of  the  time.  It  was  before 
the  application  of  Daguerre's  invention  to  the  modern  treasure  of  photography.  This  desire  was 
satisfied  in  good  degree  by  the  pleasure  of  construction  of  models,  in  the  intervals  of  leisure  from 
mercantile  life.  For  instance  :  Topographical,  of  Jerusalem  ;  of  localities  in  Wittenberg,  hallowed 
by  the  history  of  Luther,  Melancthon,  and  Frederick  the  Elector ;  of  feudal  architecture,  in  the 
Mickelgate  Bar  of  York ;  of  classic,  in  the  Porta  Maggiore,  Rome ;  of  historical  structures : 
Queen  Mary's  Palace  of  Holyrood ;  the  Castle  of  Wartburg  (Luther's  Patmos)  ;  Kenilworth 
Hall ;  the  Campanile  of  Giotto ;  a  Chinese  Pagoda,  &c. 

Meanwhile,  to  this  date,  during  sixteen  visits,  some  sufficiently  prolonged  to  admit  of  a 
general  conception  and  comparison  of  foreign  museums  and  galleries,  he  has  craved  for  his 


12  A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY   AND   ART. 

countrym^  aiKT-'hiMlei^  the  transfer  to  our  land  of  thousands  of  reproductions   that  could  be 
inirnp4ji^|£jy'jc33tn^tarcied  at  comparative  trifling  cost  if  halls  were  ready  to  receive  them. 


( 

L     ._    .      .     .                          :     y    : 

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■>r\   I'm                                               :-      *     ; 

VVP ' 

1 

— ' "      '         .   -    ^ .     " 

vars^MTs.'                   ,  ,  i 

F.  W.    SMITH    MOD.       1851, 

No    9. — PHOTOGRAPH    OF    MODEL    OF    THK    PORTA    MAGOIORE,    ROME,    SHOWING        j^^     |y  , 
THE     AQUEDUCTS     OF     CLAUDIUS      ABOVE     THE     GATEWAYS     WITH 
INSCRIPTIONS    OF    THEIR  RESTORATION  BY  VESPASIAN  AND  TITUS.    R. 


F.  W.  SMrTH,  MOO.      1851.      . 
-PHOTOGRAPH    OF  MODEL  OF  MICKELGATE  BAR,  YORK,   ENGLANP.   WITH 
NO.   0,   A  CONTRAST  OF  CLASSIC  AND  FEUDAL  ARCHITECTURE.       R. 


In  the  models  mentioned  he  anticipated  by  a  generation, 
ihe  idea  now  richly  initiated  by  the  Metropolitan  Miiseum- 
in  New  York  through  the  beneficence  of  the  Willard  be 
quest. 

But  miniature  models  only  stimulated  an  impatience  for 
architectural  reproduction  on  a  full  scale.  This  was  inten- 
sified in  Spain,  within  the  Alhambra,  and  subsequently 
gratified  by  the  application  of  some  of  its  forms  and  traceries 
to  a  Moorish  Court  in  St.  Augustine. 

The  enjoyment  to  himself  and  others  resulting  from  this 
surrounding,  suggested  another  indulgence,  in  the  reproduc- 
tion of  a  Roman  house — the  house  of  Pansa,  in  Pompeii — at 
Saratoga  Springs. 

In  two  3^ears  this  has  been  accomplished  successfully 
upon  full  scale,  about  200  feet  by  75  feet — 15,000  square  feet ; 
much  larger  and  far  more  completely  than  the  two  illustrations 
previously  attempted  at  Sydenham  and  Aschafifenburg ;  that 
of  King  Ludwig,  of  Bavaria,  measuring  only  7,000  square 
feet.  The  Chateau  of  Prince  Napoleon,  in  Paris,  can  only  be 
called  Pompeian  for  its  decorations. 


F.    W.    EMITH,    MOD.       1iit.U-1873. 

No.    II. — PHOTOGRAPHS    OF   MODELS    OF    CHINESE 
FAOODA  ANC  THE  CAMPANILE  OF  GIOTTO,  FLORENCE.   M. 


THE   POMPEIAN    REPRODUCTION  AT   SARATOGA   SPRINGS. 


13 


The  success  of  this  Archaeological  Museum  is  evidence  of  the  educational  value  of  such 
reproductions  and  of  their  popular  interest. 

It  has  demonstrated  the  feasibility  of  their  creation.  It 
stimulated  courage  for  this  advocacy  of  their  extensive  mul- 
tiplication under  National  supervision. 

Several  illustrations  of  the  interiors  and  ornamentation 
of  "  The  Pompeia  "  are  inserted  with  the  following  statements 
in  support  of  the  above  opinions. 

During  eight  months  since  its  completion,  without  any 
previous  announcement,  and  with  ignorance  on  the  part  of 
many  of  "  what  is  a  Pompeian  House,"  it  has  been  visited  by 
over  24,000  people,  whose  stay  has  averaged  between  two 
and  three  hours.  The  most  intelligent ;  classic  professors 
and  other  scholars,  have  made  it  a  daily  resort. 

Over  700  teachers  of  the  American  Institute  of  Instruc- 
tion and  the  New  York  State  Teachers'  Association  found 
edifying  entertainment  therein.  It  was  a  memorable  grati- 
fication when  the  young  ladies  of  Vassar  College,  with  their 
zealous  Professors,  came  for  a  day's  study  by  a  special  train 
of  the  N.  Y.  Central  Railroad. 

The  Presbyterian  Convention  gave  an  evening  to  the 
Pompeia.  Some  of  its  clergy  were  interested  to  read  a  silent 
lesson  from  history,  in  the  replica  of  the  exquisite  bronze 
tripod  found  before  the  Temple  of  Isis,  whereon  Greek 
ornamentation  combined  with  the  Egyptian  Sphinx ;  show- 
ing that  pagan  faiths  were  in  dissolution  and  coalescence  at  the  dawn  of  Christianity,  that  a  cen- 
tury previous  had  been  in  deadly  antagonism. 

But  these  instances  are  of  the  scholarly  class.  The  curiosity,  if  not  the  comprehension,  of 
less  intelligent  observers  has  been  as  intently  awakened. 

A  young  ladv  came  with  an  excursion  from  a  western  town  in  New  York  State  to  Saratoga. 
She  stayed  the  entire  day  in  the  Pompeia,  remarking  as  she  left :  "  If  I  never  come  again  to 
Saratoga  I  .shall  not  regret  this  time,  for  I  can  see  other  large  hotels,  but  not  again  a  Pompeia." 

A  foreigner,  evidentl}-  a  workman,  as  he  departed,  said  to  the  janitor:  "I  have  bought  the 
book  "  (Bulwer's  Last  Days  of  Pompeii) ;  "  my  boy  will  read  to  me  the  story  and  then  I  will 
know  all  about  it." 

These  relations  will  be  kindly  accepted  for  their  purpose,  as  has  been  said,  to  demonstrate 
the  benefits,  inestimable  and  innumerable,  to  flow  forth  upon  the  nation,  were  a  grand  S3^stem  of 
illustration,  realistic  and  beautiful,  supplied  to  the  people  at  the  Capital. 


FRANKLIN  W.  6MITH,  ARCHITECr. 

No.  12. — FROM  THE  "POMPEIA,"  SARATOGA  SPRINGS, 

U.  S.   A.  ;    A  REPRODUCTION  OF  THE  HOUSE  OF  PANSA,   AT 

POMPEII,   BURIED  BY  VESUVIUS,  A.   D.   79;    AN    ANGLE    OF 

THE  SOLARIUM,   OR  ROOF-GARDEN.       R. 


There  are  few  more  impressive  instances  of  a  conscientious  and  self  denying  struggle  for 
knowledge,  in  preparation  for  a  service  of  supreme  importance  to  the  American  people,  than  the 


M 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY  AND   ART. 


economical  travel  of  teachers  to  Europe.     When  an  excursion  party  jostles  the  costumes  of  the 

wealthy  in  foreign  pal- 
aces, among  them  will  be 
seen  the  intelligent  faces 
of  earnest  women  seizing 
with  all  their  souls  the 
memorable  but  flitting 
impressions  of  the  mo- 
ment. My  sympathies 
have  been  moved  as  I 
have  seen  the  teacher's 
glance  wrested  from  the 
most  thrilling  and  in- 
structive obj  ect  -  lessons 
in  existence  by  the  sum- 
mons of  the  guide  to 
"  pass  on  !  "  What  econ- 
omies and  computations 
secured  that  brief  visit 
after  years  of  hope  and 

FRANKLIN   W.    SMITH,    ARCHT. 

No.    14. — INTERIOR  OF   THE    POMPEIA.       VIEW    FROM    THE    AlKIUM.       K.  aUtlClpatlOU  ! 

A  sad  story  is  related  that  two  sisters,  teachers,  some  years  since,  were  on  a  E\iropean  round 


No.    15. — THE    POMPEIA.       VIEW    OF    HORTUS    AND    SUMMER   TRICLINIUM.    R. 


FRANKLIN   W.    6MITH  ,   ARCHT. 


THE  BENEFITS  OF  A  NATIONAL  INSTITUTE  OF   ILLUSTRATION. 


»5 


when  the  insolvency  of  their  banker  left  them  strangers,  with  bnt  money  enough  to  take  a  second- 
class    passage  homeward    immediately.      From 
the  anxiety  and  sorrow,  added  to  xmdue  effort 
of  a  delicate  constitution,  one  sister  died  on  the 
passage  and  was  buried  at  sea. 

Few  communities  in  the  United  States, 
rejoicing  in  the  mental  acquisitions  of  their 
children,  realize  their  indebtedness  to  those 
hardly-earned  travels  of  their  teachers.  Were 
their  reflex  benefits  appreciated,  towns  would, 
by  subscription,  send  teachers,  and  parishes, 
preachers  abroad.  An  inspiration  from  monu- 
ments of  past  civilizations  would  henceforth 
vivify  their  conceptions,  to  be  transferred  to  a 
new  generation.  Yet,  returned  from  the  one 
grand  travel  experience  of  their  lives,  they  thirst 
for  farther  study  of  such  treasures,  and  deplore 
the  barrenness  of  their  country  of  all  like  ma- 
terial. 


It  is,  therefore,  from  both  experience  and 


No.    16. THE  I'OMl'tlA. 


No.    17. — TH£  HOMPEIA.       VltW    OK    THE    TABLINUM. 


F.   W.  SMITH     ARCHT. 


F.    W.    SMITH.     ARCHT. 

VIEW  01    IIUILIOTHECA,  V\  I  I  H  S(  RIM.\,  E  IL.       R. 


observation  at  home  and 
abroad,  that  I  have  craved 
for  my  country  the  im- 
mediate inauguration  of 
a  Grand  National  Insti- 
tute of  Illustration.  It 
would  be  a  boon  of  price- 
less satisfaction  to  the 
graduates  of  colleges  and 
seminaries  ;  to  yoiiths, 
graduates  of  high 
schools,  in  Boston,  Chi- 
cago, and  San  Francisco, 
in  their  aim  toward  far- 
ther learning.  The  want 
is  now  described  by  one 
who  has  keenly  realized 
it,  having  been  taught  in 
a  day  when  no  lessons  in 
drawing  were   given   in 


i6 


A  NATIONAL   GALLERY  OF   HISTORY  AND  ART. 


the  Boston  High  School ;  when  there  was  no  Lawrence  Scientific  School  in  Harvard  University ; 
no  Massachusetts  Institute  of  Technology  ;  no  school  of  Architecture  in  Columbia  College. 

It  is  time  that,  upon  a  scale  worthy  the  greatness  of  our  country  and  the  vast  aggregate  of 
its  wealth,  the  pursuit  of  knowledge  and  the  patronage  of  art  shall  be  facilitated. 

The  new  fleet  of  our  Nav}'  could  be  loaded  rapidly  and  cheaply  with  simulations  of 
archeological  and  architectural  treasures,  such  as  are  listed  in  the  following  pages.  Reproduc- 
tions and  models,  topographical,  antiquarian,  and  architectural,  can  be  made  on  the  spot. 
Buildings,  counterparts  of  ancient  and  modern  national  styles,  are  readily  constructed.  They 
have  been  repeatedly  built  and  destroyed  in  successive  International  Expositions. 


No.    l8. — THK    POMPEIA.       VIEW    OF    PINACOTHECA    AND    PERISTYLIUM. 


FRANKLIN  W.   SWITHf  ARCHT. 


The  prediction  is  here  confidently  recorded,  that  if  Government  shall  begin  such  construc- 
tions and  acquisitions,  not  a  decade  will  pass  before  buildings  as  extensive  as  those  depicted, 
will  overflow  with  their  treasures,  and  the  institution  will  be  the  object  of  national  pride  and 
support. 

Finally,  not  in  apology,  but  in  satisfaction,  a  farther  reason  is  given  for  this  agitation  of  a 
new  and  important  sphere  of  governmental  responsibility  and  beneficence. 

The  first  exhibition  of  the  grand  drawing  was  to  a  gentleman  in  New  York  eminent  in  the 
promotion  of  art  by  personal  labor  and  liberality.  At  the  first  glance  he  said,  "  You  are  a 
hundred  years  before  your  time!  "  The  reply  was,  "  Wait  for  a  conference  and  you  will  alter 
your  judgment."  After  explanation  of  the  scheme,  he  was  asked:  "If  the  Roman  Court,  as 
represented  in  the  drawing,  could  be  supplied  and  filled  as  proposed,  do  you  not  believe  that 
all  the  others  would  follow ? "     He  replied,  "Yes,  I  believe  they  would — quite  rapidly."     He 


THE   POMPEIA:    A   REPRODUCTION  OF  THE   HOUSE   OF   PANSA. 

No.  13.— GROUND  PLAN  OF         R.  added 


17 


THE  POMPEIA. 

SARATOGA  SPRINGS. 

N.Y.  D.Sj\. 


J 


GALLEBT 

illustrations' or  history,  art. 

ARCHITECTUBE. 


KJ 


LARAniUM. 


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BALNCIUM. 


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PERISTYUDM. 


TABLINUM. 


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I  _ 


PnOTHYBUM. 


J„„^,y:i,r,.-.-.    mr  ' 


,  "  But  this  enterprise  hangs 
upon  your  life."  This  remark  has 
impressively  followed  the  writer.  In 
the  possibility  that  his  suggestions  may 
be  somewhat  in  advance  of  old  insti- 
tutions, and  in  consciousness  that  they 
may  die  at  any  time  with  their  pos- 
sessor, he  resolved  upon  this  published 
record. 

While  it  invites  discussion  of  the 
practical  expedients,  it  pretends  to  no 
precise  knowledge  of  the  technique  in 
art. 

In  a  rapid  survey  of  the  course  of 
human  intellect  through  the  ages,  it 
can  give  but  a  glance  at  some  of  its 
relics  left  upon  the  highways.  A  bal- 
loonist, in  his  flight  over  Washington, 
could  not  accurately  measure  the  dis- 
tance of  its  Monument  from  the  Cap- 
itol, nor  could  the  artist,  from  free-hand 
sketches  along  the  Atlantic  coast,  sup- 
ply precise  charts  of  its  shores. 


FRANKUN  W     SMITH     AflCHT. 


A  National  Gallery  a  National  Necessity. 


Promote,  as  an  object  of  primary  importance,  institutions  for  the  general  difliision  of  knowledge.     In  proportion 
as  the  structure  of  a  Government  gives  force  to  public  opinion,  it  should  be  enlightened. — Washington. 

Knowledge  is  the  only  fountain,  both  of  the  love  and  the  principles  of  human  liberty. — VViiissiKu. 


A  RECENT  Britisn  Tory  critic  of  "The  Great  Republic,"  sums  up  the  "America  of 
to-day  "  as  "  the  apotheosis  of  Philistinism ;  where  the  people  are  drunk  with 
materialism,  and  wealth  is  a  curse  instead  of  a  blessing." 

The  malevolence  of  such  an  utterance  is  apparent  and  destroys  its  force.  Yet  it  will  be 
admitted  that  the  genius  and  energy  of  our  people  should  be  diverted  somewhat  from  financial 
to  mental  acquisition. 

Hitherto  the  brain  power  and  industry  of  Americans  have  been  zealously  devoted  to  the 
gain  of  material  riches,  in  which  they  have  surpassed  their  progenitors  and  contemporaries ; 
but  although  at  an  average  of  greater  general  intelligence  than  foreign  nationalities,  yet  in  the 
finer  and  artistic  intuitions  we  are  not  their  equals.  This  disparity  has  been  inevitable  in  the 
lack  of  environment  to  stimulate  a  more  refined  cultivation.  Americans  have  subdued  a 
wilderness  from  its  wilds,  while  Europeans  have  dwelt  among  the  monuments  and  treasures 
of  former  civilizations. 

It  is  rightfully  argued  that  the  present  rapid  accumulation  of  wealth  is  ominous  of  the 
luxurious. dissipation  that  sapped  the  life  of  former  empires.  The  fierce  pursuit  of  mercenary 
gain  undermines  integrity  and  debases  the  moral  standard. 

Americans,  as  "  heirs  of  all  the  ages,"  should  vindicate  the  responsibility  of  their 
inheritance. 

What  constitutes  a  State.? 
Not  high-raised  battlement  or  labour'd  mound, 

Thick  wall  or  moated  Gate  ; 
Not  cities  proud  with  spires  and  turrets  crown'd  ; 

Not  bays  and  broad-arm'd  ports, 
Where  laughing  at  the  storm,  rich  Navies  ride; 

Not  starred  and  spangled  courts. 
Where  low-brow'd  baseness  wafts  perfume  to  pride. 

No: — Men,  high-minded  MEN, 
With  powers  as  far  above  dull  brutes  endued, 

In  forest,  brake  or  den, 
As  beasts  excel  cold  rocks  and  brambles  rude. 

— Sir  W.  Jones. 
The  present  aggregate  of  our  National   wealth   is  admitted  by   statisticians*  to  be  the 

•  See  Addenda  1, 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  A  NATIONAL   NfiCESSlTY. 


19 


greatest  in  the  world.  It  will  prove  to  have  been  an  unhealthful  growth  without  equal  mental 
and  moral  elevation  ;  a  disastrous  prosperity,  if  "  while  wealth  accumulates,  men  decay." 

To  counteract  such  tendencies,  there  must  be  enterprising,  wise  and  grand  instrumen- 
talities. 

To  the  measureless  storage  capacity  for  merchandise  through  the  land,  there  is  needed  one 
extensive  addition  at  the  Capital  for  the  world's  educational  objects.  Hitherto  we  have  had 
only  reports  of  their  silent  lessons  to  travellers,  instead  of  the  fulness  of  their  inspiration  and 
revelation  in  actual  presence. 

An  institution  to  cover  this  deficit  is  the  only  one  of  like  corresponding  importance  that 
has  not  been  initiated  by  our  Government.  It  is  an  impressive  fact,  in  proof  of  its  necessity, 
that  we  are  the  only  power,  great  or  minor,  like  even  Sweden  and  Denmark,  that  has  not  long 
since  created  its  National  Gallery,  and  supported  it  by  liberal  expenditure. 

The  indifference  and  inaction  of  the  people  of  the  United  States  in  this  matter,  in  contrast 
with  the  zeal  of  other  nations,  are  powerfully  set  forth  in  the  report  of  Mr.  W.  W.  Story  (the 
American-sculptor-artist-author,  at  Rome),  as  U.  S.  Commissioner  to  the  Paris  Exposition  of 
1878.  Extracts  therefrom  are  annexed,  as  a  fitting  prelude  upon  the  importance  of  the  matter 
herein  discussed. 


A  National  Gallery  a  National  Necessity. 


Extracts  from  the  Report  of  the  U.  S.  Commissioner  W.  W,  Story,  Resident  at  Rome,  on  the 

French  Exposition  of  1878. 


*  *  *  America  is  the  only  nation  which,  as  a  na- 
tion, has  done  nothing  to  acknowledge  the  claims  of  art. 
Earnest  efforts  have  been  made  in  some  of  the  principal 
cities  of  the  United  States,  and  Museums  have  been 
founded  by  private  munificer.ee,  wliich,  as  far  as  their 
funds  will  allow,  are  endeavoring  to  supply  the  .nbsence 
of  all  action  by  the  nation.  But  these  are  all  local  in 
their  character.  They  are  not  national  institutions.  No 
great  national  academy  or  museum  of  art  exists  to  con- 
fer honors  and  rewards,  to  educate  students,  or  to  im- 
prove the  public  tastes.  The  American  artist  therefore 
is  forced  to  expatriate  himself  for  study.     *     *     *      . 

*  *  *  If  we  are  a  great  country,  as  justly  we  claim 
to  be,  let  us  behave  like  a  great  country.  Is  it  creditable 
for  us,  with  all  our  wealth  and  prosperity,  to  be  without 
a  great  national  museum  and  academy  of  art,  such  as  is 
to  be  found  in  every  great  capital  in  Europe.'  How  can 
we  expect  to  take  rank  with  the  great  nations  of  Europe 
when  neither  our  nation  itself  nor  any  State  or  city  in  the 
Union  possesses  a  gallery  of  art  of  which  any  second-rate 
government  in  Europe  would  not  be  ashamed.'  While  we 
have  nothing,  can  we  without  mortification  look  at  the 
magnificent  collections  abroad  and  consider  the  munificent 


manner  in  which  they  are  supported  and  constantly  en- 
riched by  public  grants.'  In  England,  besides  the  treas- 
ures of  private  collections,  there  is  the  National  Gallery, 
rich  in  the  most  splendid  works  of  the  greatest  painters  ; 
the  British  Museum,  adorned  with  the  noblest  relics  of 
antique  sculpture,  vases,  gems,  terra-cotta  ornaments, 
bronzes  ;  the  Kensington  Museum,  a  storehouse  of  treas- 
ures of  the  media3val  world  and  of  the  Renaissance. 
Costly  as  these  collections  are,  they  are  constantly  en- 
larged by  munificent  grants  from  Parliament.  Not  a 
year  passes  that  conspicuous  sums  are  not  paid  to  secure 
still  additional  treasures.  It  suffices  that  England  knows 
that  anything  of  real  value  and  excellence  is  to  be  pro- 
cured, and  her  purse-strings  are  liberally  opened  to  ob- 
tain it.  Not  only  this,  large  sums  of  money  are  con- 
stantly granted  to  explore  the  soil  of  ancient  Greece  antl 
to  unearth  the  masterpieces  of  antique  sculpture  and 
architecture.  There  is  no  corner  of  the  world  where 
she  is  not  prying,  regardless  of  cost,  to  discover  valua- 
ble relics  of  the  ancient  world  of  art.  Under  her 
auspices  the  soil  of  Halicarnassus  yielded  up  the  last 
sculpture  of  the  famous  Mausoleum.  The  Parthenon 
conceded  to  her  its  glorious  but  defaced  works.     To  her 


20 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY   AND   ART. 


liberality,  enterprise,  and  determination  we  owe  it  that 
we  still  liave  the  massive  sculpture  and  cuneiform  in- 
scriptions of  Nineveh — the  Phigalean  marbles.  Besides 
these  great  museums,  it  was  under  her  patronage  tliat 
the  Royal  Academy  was  founded  as  a  national  insti- 
tution. 

Not  far  behind  her  is  France,  with  her  magnificent 
galleries  of  sculpture  and  painting,  covering  acres  of 
ground ;  with  her  academies  of  art,  science,  and  litera- 
ture, whose  hard-won  honors  are  coveted  throughout 
the  world  ;  with  her  annual  prizes  to  those  who  distin- 
guish themselves  in  art,  her  golden  medals  of  merit,  her 
*'  Prix  de  Rome."  In  no  grudging  spirit  she  expends 
from  the  public  purse  large  annual  sums  to  add  to  her 
already  rich  collections  of  art,  and  has  built  the  great 
palace  of  the  Trocadero  as  a  permanent  gallery  of  retro- 
spective art.  This  she  has  done  to  show  the  world 
that  the  Republic  does  not  intend  to  be  behind  the 
Empire  in  the  liberal  fostering'  of  art.  Nor  can  it  Ije 
said  that  all  the  galleries  of  Europe  are  the  accumula- 
tions of  the  past  only,  and  that  it  would  be  impossible 
for  us  even  to  attempt  a  rivalship  in  this  regard  with  the 
nations  of  Europe.  The  Kensington  Museum  iind  this 
very  palace  of  the  Trocadero,  among  others,  are  a  proof 
of  the  contrary ;  and  still  more  have  we  an  example  in 
Munich  of  what  a  large  and  generous  spirit  can  do  in 
our  day.     It  is  within  our  own  recent  memory  that  King 


Louis  founded  the  Glytothek  and  Pinacothek  there,  and 
created  and  developed  a  new  school  of  art.  This  at  least 
is  certain,  that  we  never  shall  make  any  progress  towards 
having  a  great  national  museum  or  academy  or  school  of 
art  until  vvc  begin  in  earnest.  Up  to  the  present  day  we 
have  not  begun.  How,  then,  can  we  expect  to  have  a 
national  character  in  our  art.'     *     *     • 

As  I  lingered  in  the  Trocadero  day  after  day  I  could 
not  but  sigh  to  think  how  utterly  America  is  wanting  in 
all  these  ancient  spoils  of  time  and  art.  How  slight  is 
the  national  interest  in  all  such  treasures.''     *     *     » 

We  as  a  nation  have  built  our  house.  It  is  useful.  It 
is  commodious.  To  its  practical  departments  we  have 
given  much  tlionght.     But  art,  as  yet,  has  no  place  in  it. 

*  *    *   We  talk  perpetually  of  our  being  a  new  country. 

*  *  *  A  new  country  forsooth  !  as  if  any  people  of 
Anglo-Saxon  origin — with  all  of  its  world  of  inherited 
literature  behind  it ;  with  all  its  history  stretching  back 
in  direct  line  two  thousand  years;  with  all  its  religion 
and  law  derived  from  tlie  past— could  possibly  be  called 
young.  We  are  one  of  the  most  luxurious  nations  in 
the  world;  one  of  the  most  developed  in  all  that  relates 
to  convenience  and  the  practical  requirements  of  life  ; 
one  of  the  most  accomplished  in  all  the  so-called  useful 
and  mechanical  arts  ;  but  in  art  we  have  accomplished 
little,  because  we  have  desired  little.  Use  has  its  build- 
ings and  habitations,  but  beauty  has  not  yet  its  temple. 


No.    19. — FROM  A  COPY  OF   A  RESTORATION  (paI:JT1!Jg)  OF    THF.    TEMPLE    OF  JUPITER,  POMPEII,  WITH    A 
ROMAN  SACRIFICE.      ORIGINAL  1!Y  PROF.   FISCHETTI,  OF  NAPLES.       R. 


Foreign  Galleries  and  Museums. 


By  the  disposition  of  a  stupendous  wisdom,  moulding  together  the  great,  mysterious  incorporation  of  the  human 
race,  the  whole,  at  one  time,  is  never  old,  or  middle-aged,  or  young ;  but,  in  a  condition  of  unchangeable  constancy, 
moves  on  through  the  varied  tenor  of  perpetual  Decay,  Fall,  Renovation,  and  Progression. — Burke. 


A  BRIEF  analysis  of  the  contents  of  foreign  galleries  and  museums  will  more  clearly 
reveal  our  National  destitution.  It  will  also  indicate  the  elimination  desirable  for  a 
new,  systematic  institution  in  a  utilitarian  age,  the  extent  and  kind  of  accommodation 
demanded,  and  the 
adaptation  thereto  of 
the  design  submitted. 
Those  treasures  are 
the  accumulation  of 
centuries  by  conquest, 
purchase,  bequest,  or 


pillage.  They  are, 
therefore,  the  result 
of  no  prior  selection 
or  pre -conceived  ar- 
rang'ement.       T  h  e  v  ^°-  -°- — exterior  of  the  trocadero  galleries,  paris. 

present  no  broad  generalization  of  the  progress  of  history  and  art,  such  as  is  practicable  by 

commencement  de  novo.  With 
a  vast  multiplicity  of  objects,  it 
will  be  seen  they  are  incom- 
plete and  disjointed,  for  facile 
object  lessons  of  their  story  of 
the  past  in  its  continuit}'. 

In  order  of  extent  and  value 
foreign  galleries  may  for  our 
purpose  take  the  following 
rank  :  The  Vatican  ;  the  Pitti 
and  Uffizi  Galleries;  the  Lou- 
vre ;  the  Galleries  of  Munich, 
Dresden,  St.  Petersburg,  Ber- 
lin, London,  Naples,  and  Ver- 
sailles ;  the  halls  of  the  British 
Museum ;  the  School  of  Fine 
Arts,  in  Paris  ;  the  Cluny  ;  the 
hemicycle  of   the   Trocadero; 


No.  21. 


-interior  op  the  trocadero  gallery  of  retrospective  architecture,  with  full  size 

PORTAL  of  cathedral  OF  AMIENS- 


22 


A   NATIONAI,   (JAl.LERY   OF   HISTORY   AXD   ART. 


the  Bavariau  National  Museum  ;  and  lastly,  yet  pre-eminently,  the  South  Kensington  Museum, 
of  London,  as  the  most  modern,  practical,  and  progressive,  and  therefore  most  analogous  to 

the  scheme  advised. 

Returning  to  the  Vatican,  we 
observe  vast  and  incomparable 
remains  of  classic  sculpture,  ex' 
humed  from  the  ancient  Roman 
Empire.  They  comprise  archi- 
tectural fragments :  statues  of 
mythological  gods,  Greek  and 
Roman  celebrities,  bas-reliefs, 
sarcophagi,  vases,  inscriptions 
etc.,  all  readil}^  reproduced  in 
casts,  but  all  relating  to  Greek 
and  Roman  history. 

The  pictures  of  the  Vatican 

Gallery  are  limited  in  number — 

relating  to  church  history  and 

tradition.       To  this  summary 

should  be  added  the  frescoes  on 

the  Loggie  of  Raphael ;  an  aggregation   of  pagan   and  Christian    symbolism,   enriched   with 

Greek     ornamentation,     mostly 

original  in  the  Baths  of  Titus. 

These  treasures  offer  un- 
equalled material  for  the  study 
of  classic  life,  history,  and  art, 
though  in  the  fragmentary  man- 
ner of  a  museum  ;  not  in  order 
of  subject  or  of  age.  The  paint- 
ings are  reverenced  as  master- 
pieces— a  reverence  that  perhaps 
has  exaggerated  their  merit — 
through  the  halo  of  sacred 
corona.  They  are  unsatisfactory 
in  color,  especially  the  frescoes, 
which  are  too  faded  for  distinct 

recognition.*      The    magnificent  No.  23.-gr^co-roman  room,  British  museum. 


No.  22. — TROCADERO    0ALL1.RY.       ARCHITECTURAL    CASTS. 


♦  "  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  while  these  frescoes  continued  in  their  perfection  there  was  nothing  else  to  be  compai-ed  with 
the  magnificent  and  solemn  beauty  of  this  (the  Sistine)  Chapel.  But  melhink.s  I  have  seen  hardly  anything  else  so  foilurn  and 
depressing  as  it  is  now— all  dusty,  dusky,  and  dim;  even  the  very  lights  having  passed  into  darkness,  and  shadows  into  utter  black- 
ness."— Ha-Mthorue. 


FOREIGN  MUSEUMS  AND   GALLERIES. 


25 


reproductions  of  the  latter  on  copper,  under  the  patronage  of  Popes  Clement  XII,  XIII,  and 
XIV,  are  of  more  practical  value  in  study  of  design. 

The  Pitti  and  Ufl&zi  Galleries,  of  Florence,  are  immense  collections  of  paintings,  covering 
all  subjects  and  periods  from  the  dawn  of  mediaeval  art.  The  same  is  true  of  the  picture 
galleries  of  Paris,  Munich,  Dresden,  and  Berlin.  From  these  many  canvasses  w^ould  be  rejected 
in  choice  of  a  practical  working  gallery  for  modern  work.*  Thousands  of  pictures  have  places 
simply  by  right  of  possession, 
as  items  in  collections  purchased 
entire,  or  else  for  the  sole  in- 
terest of  age. 

Even  if  all  were  of  high  execu- 
tion,  they  are  in  cumbersome 
superfluity  of  religioiis  themes. 
They  are  the  remains  of  dark  ages, 
when  church  dogmas  and  tradi- 
tions held  entire  sway  over  the 
human  mind ;  when  the  religious 
sentiment  could  find  no  expression 
other  than  architecture,  sculpture, 
and  painting. 

Victor  Hugo,  in  "  Notre  'Dame 
de  Paris,"  makes  the  archdeacon 


Ko. 


-HALLS   OF   THE    CLUNY    MUSEUM,    I'ARIS. 


of  the  abbey  turn  from  an  open  bible,  fresh  from  the  new  press  of  Guttenberg,  to  the  spires 
of  the  cathedral,  and  utter  the  knell  of  that  form  of  religious  expression  and  power,  "  Ceci  tuera 
celay  With  the  printing  press  passed  away  the  sacredness  of  countless  rude  representations 
that  had  served  their  purpose  in  a  darkened  age. 

The  Louvre  is  like  the  galleries  of  Florence,  an  enormous  aggregate  of  paintings  without 
order  of  subject  or  date,  and  also  a  very  considerable  collection  of  architectural  fragments  and 
curios  in  all  departments  of  knowledge.  But  these  also  are  by  no  means  as  complete  as  they 
might  be  in  their  delineation  of  the  great  historic  periods. 

Incongruity  of  subjects  results  inevitably  from  the  arrangement  by  schools,  as  generally 
m  European  galleries.  For  instance,  the  Salon  Carr6  has  the  "  Marriage  at  Cana,"  by  Paul 
Veronese  ;  introducing  Francis  I,  Charles  V,  the  Court  Jester,  etc.;  with  two  works  of  Titian  ; 
his  mistress  and  The  Entombment. 

An  attempted  historical  series — The  Rubens  ;  of  Marie  de  Medicis — 23  pictures,  illustrative 


•507  paintings  in  the  Pitti  Gallery,  of  Florence,  including  ten  ceilings  mythological,  are  in  subject  as  follows: 
Portraits,  unknown,  94;  Portraits,  known,  7S,         .........  172 

Scriptural,  73  ;   Holy  Families,  45  ;   Saints,  6S;  Virgins,  55 241 

Fanciful,  or  Landscape,  59;  Allegorical,  17;  Mythological,  15 91 

Historical,  only  3  (viz  :  Oath  of  Cataline,  Cleopatra,  Death  of  Lucretius) 3 

S07 


24 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY   OF   HISTORY  AND  ART. 


of  her  life  and  reign,  are  an  aggregation  of  mythology  and  allegory.  Thus,  No.  440,  "  The 
Marriage  at  Lyons ;" — The  city  of  Lyons  seated  in  a  car  drawn  by  two  lions  ; — Henry  dnd 
Marie  represented  as  Jupiter  and  Juno. 

The  Glyptothek  (for  sculptures),  and  the  Old  and  New  Pinakothek,  of  Munich,  are  excep- 
tionally choice  collections  of  art  of  different  periods ;  the  sculpture  being  in  halls  apart  for 

distinct  periods  of  the  history  of  art.  It  is  vain  to 
seek  realistic  history  depicted  in  series.  A  grand 
work,  "  The  Triumph  of  Germanicus,"  and  Kaul- 
bach's  "  Destruction  of  Jerusalem,"  are  the  only  his- 
torical subjects  among  150  masterpieces. 

The  Dresden  Gallery,  one  of  the  finest  and 
largest  in  Europe  (about  2,500  paintings),  has  a 
proportion  of  religious  subjects  like  that  enumerated 
from  the  Pitti  Gallery.  They  are  of  exceeding 
value  ;  by  old  masters  whose  themes  were  exclu- 
sively sacred. 

The  Madrid  Gallery  is  a  noted  exception  to  those 
above  cited,  as  a  selection  of  the  greatest  masters, 
surpassing  all  others  in  rarity,  variety,  and  richness, 
for  the  number  on  its  catalogue.  It  is  unrivalled  in 
treasures,  exclusive  of  mediocrity. 

The  picture  galleries  of  Versailles  may  well 
bear  upon  their  pediments  "  To  the  glorification  of 
France."  Therein  are  ranged  miles  of  panoramic 
paintings  of  the  military  triumphs  of  France ;  and 
in  exaltation  of  its  rulers.  Tiresome  in  their  repe- 
titions of  armies  and  war  paraphernalia  in  collision 
and  confusion ;  a  few  would  suffice  for  all,  except 
for  divers  names  of  the  many  claimed  fields  of  glory.  The  style  of  these  works,  however,  is 
a  model  for  the  scheme  proposed  for  our  country,  as  will  be  further  particularized.  One 
essential  element  for  permanent  approbation  they  lack — truthfulness.  When  the  surrender  at 
Yorktown  is  set  forth  as  General  Rochambeau  giving  final  orders  for  attack,  while  Washington 
stands  aside  humbly  in  the  door  of  his  tent,  the  license  of  art  has  been  transgressed. 

In  the  academies  of  Sweden  and  Denmark  are  found  model  institutions  for  the  encourage- 
ment of  art  in  select  specimens  of  all  schools ;  but  above  all  for  commendation,  their  provision 
for  free  education  of  talented  applicants  at  the  expense  of  the  State.  Not  only  do  the  govern- 
ments train  them  to  highest  proficiency,  but  they  afterwards  patronize  them  in  purchases  for 
the  galleries.  The  national  purse  also  sends  pupils  abroad  for  study.  Hence,  Swedes  and 
Danes  have  taken  highest  rank  on  the  continent  in  decorative  departments  of  art,  an-d  fill  many 
continental  professorships.  Prof  Nordenberg,  at  the  head  of  the  Dusseldorf  Academy,  is  a 
Swede.     These  facts  will  furnish  suggestions  in  the  latter  details  of  our  subject. 


No.  25. — A    PAVILION    OF  THE   LOUVRE,    PARIS. 


FOREIGN  MUSEUMS  AND   GALLERIES. 


25 


The  Bavarian  National  Museum,  the  hemicycle  of  the  Trocadero,  and  the  Cluny  of  Paris, 
have  enviable  material  for  elimination. 

The  first  of  these  contains  objects  of  art  and  mechanism  in  great  variety  from  the  Roman 
period  to  the  present  day,  systematically  and  chronologically  arranged.  The  halls  have 
frescoes  illustrative  of  Bava- 
rian history,  and  are  filled  with 
wares,  implements,  casts,  tapes- 
tries, furniture,  architectural 
fragments,  glass,  reproductions, 
carvings,  weapons,  costumes, 
armor,  musical  instruments, 
models  of  ships,  buildings, 
fortifications,  and  cities,  ce- 
ramics, textiles,  laces,  bronzes, 
vessels  in  silver,  cabinets, 
mosaics,  ivories,  forgings, 
reliquaries,  enamels,  charts, 
parchments,  altars,  bas-reliefs, 
coins,  medals,  lochs,  toys. 

The  mention  of  toys  in  this 
connection  savors  of  burlesque. 
Yet  the  lead  toys  found  in  the  No.  26.-  exterior  of  the  louvre,  paris. 

foundations  of  Roman  houses  indicate  the  forms  of  Roman  armor.     Jewelry  in  the  Roman  Mu- 
seum at  Homburg,  from  the  Prstorian  camp  on  the  Saalburg,  betokens  the  national  symbolism. 

Such  valuables  are  con- 
stantly brought  to  light ; 
and  are  in  the  market  b}' 
reliable  antiquaries.  In 
this  Institution  we  have 
one  of  the  most  admir- 
able examples  for  some 
departments  of  the  pro- 
posed Institute. 

The  British  Museum 
is,  in  the  first  place,  a 
library  of  unrivalled 
value.  Its  invaluable 
collection  of  marbles  and 
casts  is  very  incomplete 
in  chronological  arrange- 
No.  27. — GALLERY  OF  AioLLo,  IN  THE  LOUVRE,  PARIS.  mcut   for   lack    of  arca. 


26 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  HISTORY  AND  ART. 


Its  caves  have  been  packed  for  a  quarter  of  a  century  with  original  remains  ;  stored  for  want  of 
room.  Casts  of  these  have  been  exhibited  for  the  first  time  in  other  countries,  as  was  the  fact 
with  bas-reliefs  for  a  Roman  altar  in  the  Pompeian  House  at  Saratoga. 

The  Trocadero  has  an  exhibit  hitherto  unequalled  of  architectural  ornament  of  the  middle 
ages  ;  comprising,  in  full  proportion  and  detail,  casts  of  portals,  columns,  pulpits,  capitals,  screens, 
caryatides,  gargoyles,  etc.,  etc.,  of  the  most  elaborate  execution. 

Finally,  the  Kensington  Museum  in  London  surpasses  all  others  for  its  object  lessons  in  art. 

It  is  a  magnificent  creation  ;  com- 
menced with  the  profits  of  the 
World's  Fair,  in  Hyde  Park,  in 
1851,  of  150,000  pounds  .sterling. 
Its  benefits  have  been  so  con- 
spicuous that  it  commands  the 
unanimous  support  of  the  king- 
dom. Even  in  such  lavish  outlay 
as  majolica  plates  at  2,000  to 
3,000  guineas:  10,000  to  15,000 
dollars  each.  It  is  the  grandest 
triumph  of  the  intellectual  enter- 
prise of  the  British  Nation.  It 
is  steadily  enlarged  by  the  de- 
mands iipon  it.  Vast  piles  are 
succeeding  each  other  to  receive 
the  overflow  of  its  acquisitions. 
Its  entire  scheme  may  well  be 
adopted  by  our  country,  and  as  we  shall  argue,  enlarged ;  perhaps  with  greater  economy  in  some 
departments  of  costly  curios  and  greater  expenditure  in  others,  demanded  by  the  industrious  status 
of  our  people.  Its  predominance  is  in  its  objects  of  ornamental  art  as  applicable  to  manufactures. 
Wide  as  is  its  scope,  and  marvelously  rich  and  extensive  as  are  its  collections,  it  is  yet  short  of 
the  facilities  demanded. 

It  is  to  be  supplemented  by  the  Imperial  Institute,  in  honor  of  the  Victorian  Jubilee,  the 
specialties  of  which  have  not  yet  been  declared. 

As  the  Kensington  Museum  is  the  most  modern,  most  extensive  and  prosperous  of  institutions 
with  its  purposes,  and  therefore  supplies  the  most  valuable  example  for  repetition,  I  sent  to  London 
for  the  best  publication  upon  its  history  and  development.  It  was  a  pleasant  surprise  to  receive 
from  the  bookseller  "  Travels  in  South  Kensington,"  by  M.  D.  Conway,  a  familiar  American 
name.  It  is  an  instructive  and  elegant  resume  of  the  origin  and  present  wealth  of  the  Museum. 
The  author  will  be  gratified  to  know  that  his  work  may  aid  in  preparation  for  like  "  travels  "  by 
his  countrymen  through  their  National  Gallery. 

To  Mr.  Conway  is  due  acknowledgment  for  additional  details,  as  follows : 

The  buildings  resulting  from  the  appropriation  of  $5,000,000  now  contain  collections  worth 


No.   28.— SCHOOL    OF   FINE    ARTS,    PARIS.        HALL   OF   CASTS. 


THE   SOUTH   KENSINGTON  MUSEUM,   LONDON. 


27 


SOUTH     KENSINGTON    MUSEUM. 

GROUND  PLAN. 


at  least  $20,000,000.  Added  to  purchases  by  the  Government  there  have  been  unceasing  donations 
of  invaluable  private  collections,  which  "  gravitate  to  it,  and  the  buildings  are  constantly 
expanding."  At  this  point  it  is  impressive  to  place  the  ground  plan  of  the  present  constructions. 
It  shows  a  prospective  embarrassment  for  space  in  an  early  future,  beyond  all  possibility  of 
permanent  order  and  system  ;  as  anticipated  in  the  plan  for  the  National  Gallery. 
More  than  1,000,000  people  visit  the  Museum  annually. 

In  1844  there  were  but  three  Museums  of  like  character  in  Great  Britain  ;  now  they  are  in 
every  large  town.     Roman   remains 

are   being   uncovered  and    preserved       P         hTJ]  1     1  ""     3l 

throughout  England. 

The  Museum  received  a  donation 
of  4,854  engravings  from  the  Louvre. 

A  novel  and  enterprising  provision 
is  of  Circulating  Museums  from  the 
Kensington :  collections  being  sent 
abroad  in  the  country  to  awaken 
curiosity  and  study.  In  responsive 
return,  the  Museum  has  constantly 
Loan  Collections  on  Exhibition^  bring- 
ing perpetual  variety  and  novelty 
that  secure  repeated  visitation. 

Mr.  Conway  makes  this  interesting 
record  for  encouragement  in  this  be- 
ginning :  "I  remarked  to  a  gentle- 
man connected  with  the  Museum  at 
its  origin,  that  I  had  heard  various 
American  gentlemen  inquiring 
whether  such  an  institution  might 
not  exist  in  their  own  country,  and  he 
said :  '  Let  them  plant  the  thing  and  it  can't  help  growing,  and  most  likely  beyond  their  powers — 
•as  it  has  been  almost  beyond  ours — to  keep  up  with  it.' "  Farther  valuable  encouraging  and 
advisory  statements  are  given  that  will  be  important  for  future  reference. 

Sir  Sydney  Waterlow*  remarked  last  winter  in  St.  Augustine,  that  Mr.  Cole  (now  Sir  Henry 
Cole,  K.  C.  B.)  was  thought  visionary,  as  doubtless  he  anticipated,  when  first  he  agitated  his 
conception  for  the  Museum,  as  a  wise  departure  and  complement  beyond  the  British  Museum, 
then  assumed  to  be  the  ne  plus  ultra.  Afterwards  there  were  reports  of  competition  by  the  latter 
in  purchases.  Now,  as  the  result  of  the  increased  craving  for  knowledge,  both  institutions  are 
struggling  with  the  vastness  of  their  accretions  and  activities.  The  National  History  Department 
of  the  British  Museum  has  been  removed  to  a  new  and  immense  structure  in  South  Kensington. 
The  grand  system  of  the  service  and  Art  Department  of  the  Kensington  Museum  for  the 


No.   29. — GROUND    PLAN    OF    KENSINGTON    MUSEUM. 


♦The  recent  munificent  donor  of  Waterlow  Park  to  London. 


28 


A  NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY  AND   ART. 


promotion  of  instruction  therein  throughout  the  kingdom  by  monetary  grants  in  aid  of  "  local 
efforts  for  founding  scholarships  and  exhibitions,"  or  "  in  aid  of  a  new  building  or  the  adaptation 
of  any  existing  building,"  will  ultimately  be  imitated  in  our  country.  The  Museum  disburses 
the  principal  part  of  the  $1,500,000,  annually  appropriated  by  the  British  Government  for  its 
support,  in  these  subsidies  for  instruction. 

It  is  a  confident  prediction  that  our  nation  will  rapidly  awaken  to  its  interests,  and  with  such 

energy  in  execution  that  not  another 
generation  will  pass  until  all  that  is 
herein  cited  shall  be  in  active  benefi- 
cence, to  keep  pace  henceforth  with 
incessant  progress. 

Its  citation  as  an  example  is  empha- 
sized ;  for  its  inception,  its  rapid  expan- 
sion and  present  magnitude  demonstrate 
that  in  the  vastness  of  the  Institution 
herein  advocated,  from  the  wealth, 
progress,  intelligence  and  promise  of 
our  nation,  there  is  nothing  chimerical. 
From  the  above  review  of  foreign  art 
and  antiquarian  collections  abroad,  it  is 
seen  that  none  of  them  supply  illustrations  of  the  historic  periods  of  the  human  race,  seriatim. 
One  only  attempts  it  for  a  single  nation,  and  almost  exclusively  in  the  line  of  military  glory, 
that  of  Versailles.  The  etchings  of  its  paintings  are  properly  styled  "  Gallerie  Historique  de 
Versailles.^'' 

A  survey  of  material  in  Europe  makes  apparent  the  impossibility  of  duplication.  If  therefore 
there  can  be  no  substitution,  Americans  must  forever  be  deprived  of  educational  facilities  common 
to  European  communities. 

Upon  study  of  this  contingency,  the  writer  believes  that  the  deprivation  can  be  practically 
compensated,  and  that  by  practical  employment  of  art ;  by  liberal  importation  of  casts  and  models 
and  especially  by  ingenuity  in  restoration  of  monuments  and  structures,  the  illustration  of  the 
past,  may  be  amplified  and  enlivened  in  the  New  World  to  a  grandeur  and  usefulness  beyond  all 
precedents. 

We  will  now  in  imagination  construct  American  National  Galleries,  and  then  by  its  further 
aid  forecast  their  occupation. 


No.  30. — DESIGN    FOR   NEW    BRITISH    IMPERIAL    INSTITUTE. 


No.  31.— TRIPLE  RANGES  OF  GALLERIES  PROPOSED  I    THE  CENTRAL,   LIKE    THE    LOUVRE,   FOR    PICTURES;    THE    CORRIDORS,  LIKE    THE  VATICAN,   FOR    SCULPTURE,    MODELS, 

SLABS,   ETC.,   ETC. 


Description  of  the  Design  and  Plan. 


I  shall  .  .  .  straight  conduct  )c  to  a  hill-side,  where  I  will  point  ye  out  the  right  path  of  a  virtuous  and 
noble  education  ;  laborious,  indeed,  at  the  first  ascent,  but  else  so  smooth,  so  green,  so  full  of  goodly  prospect,  and 
melodious  sounds  on  every  side,  that  the  iiarp  of  Orpheus  was  not  more  charming. — Milton. 

Earth  proudly  wears  the  Parthenon  as  the  best  gem  upon  her  zone. — Emeu.son. 

Since  it  (architecture)  is  music  in  space,  as  it  were  a  frozen  music. — Sciielling. 


THE  National  Gallery  of  the  American  Republic,  it  is  proposed,  shall  surpass  in  architectural 
grandeur  and  extent  all  similar  constnictions ;  but  while  grandly  monumental  in  eflfect 
it  shall  be  thoroughly  utilitarian  as  an  educational  institution.  All  expenditure  in  its  creation 
will  be  in  economical  use  for  intellectual  elevation  of  the  people. 

Crowning  a  height  is  represented  the  Parthenon,  one-half  greater  than  the  original  at  Athens, 
surrounded  by  ranges  of  Temples'''  of  the  same  pure  and  stately  order,  all  for  commemoration  of 
the  discovery  and  history  of  the  Western  Hemisphere,  and  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

Upon  the  terrace  in  front  should  stand  a  colossal  statue  of  Columbus,  as  did  the  great 
"  Chryselphantine  "  statue  of  Athena  upon  the  Acropolis.f 

Stretching  away  at  the  right  and  the  left  of  this  commemorative  temple  will  be  vast  colon- 
nades for  the  promenade  of  the  people,  that  they  may  look  down  upon  the  "  marble  population  " 
of  the  great  and  good  of  the  nation,  as  did  the  Greeks  upon  their  gods  and  heroes. 

The  irregular  constructions  that  covered  the  steep  hills  of  Rome  are  herein  replaced  by 
galleries  and  porticoes,  as  systematic  and  beautiful  in  aspect  as  they  will  have  been  unsurpassed 
in  extent.  J 

*  At  the  angle  of  vision  from  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  if  upon  the  site  of  the  Observatory,  the  facade  will  be  a  continuous  colon- 
nade of  750  feet ;  precisely  that  of  the  entire  front  of  the  Capitol. 

t  The  Acropolis  was  the  museum  of  art  of  the  Athenian  people. 

The  Parthenon  was  finished  436  B.  C.  It  was  230  by  100  feet  wide.  The  columns  were  6  feet  2  inches  in  diameter  at  the  base 
and  34  feet  high. 

t  See  Addenda  2. 


30 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF   HISTORY  AND  ART. 


Descending  from  the  esplanade  of  the  Pantheon,  successive  terraces  support  galleries  and 

courts  proportioned  to  the  extent  and  impor- 
tance of  historic  periods  and  races,  for  orderly 
delineation  of  life  and  art  thi-ough  the  ages — 
Egyptian,  Greek,  Assyrian,  Persian,  Roman, 
Byzantine,  Renaissance,  Arabic,  Gothic, 
Moorish,  Spanish,  and  East  Indian. 

These  will  present  the  amazing  grandeur 
that  arose  from  the  Forum  of  Rome  to  the 
summit  of  the  Capitoline  Hill.  From  their 
base  extends  a  PYa  Sacra,  through  memorial 
columns  and  arches. 

This  sketch  limners  a  vision  of  the  splendor 
of  Athens  in  the  Periclean  age ;  for  it  is  an 
appropriate  fact  to  recall  that  the  structures 
which  were  the  glory  of  all  antiquity,  which 
have  been  models  for  all  subsequent  ages  as 
combining  "  a  perfection  of  solemn  and  won- 
drous harmony,"  were  from  the  impulsion 
of  a  democracy,  conceived  and  wrought  under 
one  master,  Phidias,  in  the  time  of  Pericles, 
in  a  period  of  thirteen  years. 

It  will  be  a  transcendent  honor  for  our  Re- 
public if  it  shall  celebrate  a  century  of  progress 
by  creations  which  shall  win  from  posterity  the  tribute  of  Demosthenes  to  the  Athenians : 

Our  ancestors  were  inspired  not  by  the  desire  of  wealth,  but  by  the  love  of  glory  ;  and,  therefore,  they  have  left 
us  immortal  possessions — the  memory  of  illustrious  deeds  and  the  beauty  of  the  works  consecrated  to  them. 

Five  centuries  later  Plutarch  wrote : 

These  works  appear  at  the  present  time  fresh  and  newly  wrought ;  they  seem  to  wear  the  bloom  of  perpetual 
youth  ;  its  glow  untouched  by  time,  as  if  they  breathed  the  breath  of  immortality  and  had  a  soul  that  age  could  never 
reach. 

A  Park,  "  Istoria,"  outside  the  walls  of  the  historical  group  should  receive  liberally  examples 
of  modern  dwellings  of  mankind.  Thus  the  idea  of  Monsieur  Gamier  of  recreating  actually  the 
"  Habitations  of  men  in  all  ages,"  imagined  by  Viollet  le  Due,  the  chief  attraction  of  the  late 
French  Exposition,  will  be  far  more  completely  and  permanently  developed. 

In  these  courts  should  be  reproduced  structures  typical  of  the  highest  development  in  the 
respective  styles.  The  Byzantine  of  St.  Sophia,  the  Gothic  of  the  Campo  Santo,  the  tracery  of 
the  Alhambra,  and  the  pierced  screen-work  of  the  Taj,  will  be  grouped  in  superb  proximity,  and 
with  effective  contrast  to  the  overshadowing  dignity  and  grandeur  of  the  classic  orders.^' 

♦This  variety'  may  suggest  incongruities  of  mixed  architecture.  The  proposed  height  of  the  galleries  with  their  basements  will 
screen  the  contents  of  each  court,  in  the  silhouette  of  the  sky  line,  except  with  domes,  towers,  and  columns,  which  can  be  selected  to 
enhance  the  general  effect. 


No.  32.  —  THE    COLONNADE    OF   THE    FORUM   OF   POMPEII,  RESTORED;    AN    ILLUS- 
TRATION OF  THOSE  OF  THE  PARTHENONIC  TEMPLES. 


DESCRIPTION   OF  THE   DESIGN   AND   PLAN. 


31 


%f    ^    I.'.l\     ^,      M",i, 


No.    3^. — A    CONSTRUCTIONAL    SF.CTiON    OP    T!i>-:    ( iAI.LHRlES. 


P-,  A.  AND  P.,  ARCHTS. 


Ill  the  enclosures  of  the  galleries  should  be  placed  reproductions  herein  described,  and  casts 
in  concrete  of  antiquarian  remains.  For  instance,  the  early  Christian  crosses  of  lona  and  other 
places  in  England  and  Ireland,  full-sized  specimens  of  rich  fountains,  cloisters,  the  gorgeous 
portals  of  Spain,  etc.,  etc.     The  eifect  may  be  superb,  mingled  with  verdure  and  herbage. 

Reproductions  of  the  divers  na- 
tionalities should  serve  as  museums 
of  their  life,  manners,-  industries, 
etc. 

Houses  of  the  ancients  should  be 
reproduced,  like  the  Pompeian  home 
at  Pansa,  at  Saratoga,  with  apart- 
ments revealing  their  domestic  life, 
manners,  religious  symbolism,  art 
industries,  etc. 

Instead  of  a  house  of  Pansa,  a 
dwelling  from  a  small  provincial 
city,  there  should  be  recreated  the 
House  of  Glaucus,  as  elaborated  by 
Mazois,  a  Roman  palace  of  great  extent  and  grandeur  that  would  moderate  our  estimate  of 
modern  attainments.  It  would  reveal  the  excellence  of  art  and  the  splendor  even  of  domestic 
architecture  that  were  annihilated  by  the  deluge  of  Northern  Barbarians  upon  the  Roman  world, 
as  was  Pompeii  entombed  by  Vesuvius.  Such  realistic  revelations  would  be  tangible  to  those 
ignorant  of  the  glowing  pages  of  Gibbon,  and  waken  curiosity  to  hunt  the  facts  of  history. 

A  mediaeval  castle  should 
have  its  banqueting  hall,  and 
gather  the  a  r  m  s ,  furniture, 
metal  work,  etc.,  of  its  age. 
Indian  gorgeousness  should  be 
shown  with  the  traceried  orna- 
mentation of  the  Orient,  and 
the  Pacific  Isles  should  be  re- 
vealed in  the  barbarism  which 
is  rapidly  becoming  extinct. 

The  Kensington  Museum 
has  original  interiors  of  rooms 
from  Cairo  and  Damascus,  with 
their  jalousies  and  lattices,  but 
miserably  placed  in  a  dark,  low,  narrow,  and  crowded  hall.  Instead  of  two  rooms,  the  National 
Gallery  of  the  United  States  should  have  a  house  of  full  proportions,  with  all  the  elaboration  of 
oriental  handiwork,  and  the  gorgeousness  of  the  harem. 

In  such  details  Europe  would  have  no  advantage.     By  proper  juxtaposition  of  articles  only 


No.    14. KOMAN    PANTHEON    AND    LtCTURE    HALLS. 


R.,  A.  AND  R.,  ARCHTS. 


32 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY   OF    HISTORY   AND   ART. 


is  their  purpose  revealed.  The  Moucharabieh^  that  screens  the  women  of  the  East,  may  as  well 
be  bought  in  Cairo  for  Washington  as  for  London.  In  the  show-case  of  a  museum  objects  are 
often  meaningless  that  would  have  great  interest  in  proper  environment. 

These  creations  would  be  the  utmost  possible  compensation  to  the  great  majority  of  the 

people,  who  in  the  limits 
of  economy  cannot  range 
the  earth  for  either  study 
or  pastime. 

They  would  be  substitu- 
tions for  the  monuments 
of  the  old  world,  which  are 
themes  for  admiration  and 
romance.  By  their  combi- 
nation in  respective  sur- 
roundings they  would  out- 
weigh all  existing  works 
for  the  inspiration  and 
stimulus  of  genius. 

For  the  accommodation 
of  the  constructions  above 
proposed  220  acres  of  land  should  be  provided.  It  is  believed  that  the  expediency  of  such  appro- 
priation is  clearly  vindicated  by  the  facts,  comparisons,  and  statistics  appended. 

It  is  seen  that  the  constructions,  with  the  courts  they  enclose,  require  large  area.  Yet  they 
are  of  simple  and  uniform  design,  of  economical  form,  and  cheap,  yet  enduring,  material  ;  and 
are  without  external  ornamentation. 

The  plan  provides  for  20,000  feet  range  of  picture  galleries,  and  40,000  feet  range  of  corridors 
for  statuary,  casts,  models,  etc., — a  surface  of  no  acres  ;  40  acres  of  which  within  the  boundarj^ 
walls  are  left  for  gardens,  fountains,  etc.,  until  demanded  for  illustrative  buildings  from  time  to 
time  as  means  may  be  provided,  or  individual  generosity  create  them. 

The  area  under  roof  proposed  is, 

The  area  of  open  courts  for  historical  reproductions,  ...... 

The  area  external  to  the  Temples  for  American  prehistoric  reproductions,  for  sur- 
rounding avenues,  etc.,  say,     .......... 


^"i'r^^mk^ 


No.  35. — GREEK    THEATRE. 


R. ,  A.  AND  R.,  ARCHTS. 


35  acres. 

40      " 


35 


no 


For  the  Park,  ISTORIA,  through  which  should  be  a  noble  avenue  to  the  galleries, 
and  in  which  should  be  placed  topographical  models  in  full  size  (like  the 
Roman  Baths  at  Badenweiler,  as  hereinafter  described  in  detail  of  reproduc- 
tions proposed),  and  the  Habitations  of  Man  in  modern  days, 

Area  of  the  block  indicated  on  plan, 


no 


220 


DESCRIPTION   OI<^   THE   DESIGN  AND   PLAN. 


33 


•,\tt»mwiV*atft)>^wi"fe'rw: 


£;!?  ^ 


|B'»^^.j7P'(»^«OOKV»*4 


No.    56. AN    EXTERIOR    ANGLE  TOWER. 


The  galleries  are  of  one  story  (v.  p.  29),  with  basements. 

The  central,  or  picture  galleries,  have  top  light,  and  may  be  the  counterpart  of  the  Louvre ; 

the  corridors  would  have  side  light  as  ,. ■ 

in  the  Vatican. 

When  the  20,000  feet  range  of 
picture  galleries  is  divided  among 
twelve  periods  or  nationalities,  an  aver- 
age of  about  1,000  feet  to  each,  with 
allowances  for  entrances,  alcoves  for 
seats,  etc.,  it  will  be  seen  to  be  a  min- 
imum estimate,  especially  for  the  his 
torical  series  of  paintings  and  other 
pictorial  object  lessons  hereinafter  pro- 
posed. 

The  corridors  (halls  for  casts, 
models,  and  the  field  covered  by  the 
Bavarian  National  Museum  above  cited) 
will  rapidly  overflow  in  accord  with  all 
precedents. 

The  basement  stories  throughout  the  structures  will  be  indispensable.      Extensive  shops 

would  be  required  for  the  multiplication  of  all 
objects  practicable  for  distribution  to  local  in- 
stitutions throughout  the  land,  as  now  such 
treasures  are  distributed  by  England  and 
France.* 

There  would  be  a  chief  moulder  and  staff, 
as  at  the  Louvre  ;  potteries  and  kilns  for  terra 
cotta ;  photograph  and  electrotype  depart- 
ments ;  modellers  in  clay,  plaster,  and  wood  ; 
receiving  and  shipping  offices,  store  rooms, 
guardians'  quarters,  etc.,  etc. 

It  is  claimed  as  a  special  merit  of  the  present 
design  that  it  provides  for  future  enlargement 
sT  in  harmony,  both  architectural  and  practical, 
with  the  existing  buildings,  and  without  dis- 
turbance of  all  previous  material  for  rearrange- 
ment with  accessions. 

*  It  was  a  mortification  to  find  the  aieliers  of  the  moulenr-en-c/ief  of  the  Louvre,  and  even  the  half-underground  passages  thereto, 
crowded  with  cases  for  American  institutions  and  citizens  of  casts  to  be  imported  at  an  expense  of  loo  per  cent,  with  the  tariff  tax. 
These  long  since  should  have  been  supplied  from  our  National  Institutions.  It  was  a  greater  aggravation  to  the  writer  to  be  taxed 
forty  and  sixty  per  centum  upon  bronzes,  terra  cottas,  etc.,  for  importation  o{  replica  from  Pompeii,  and  to  be  assessed  likewise  upon 
architectural  models  for  the  Pompeia  from  the  British  Museum,  the  Louvre,  and  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  of  Paris.  It  is  to  be  hoped  that 
such  fines  upon  artistic  and  educational  work  for  our  country  will  soon  be  relieved,  and  that  art  luill  be  free. 


R.,  A.  &  R.,  ARCHTS. 


No.  37. — ENTRANCE    PAVILION    IN    COLONNADE. 


34 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY   AND   ART. 


% 


ito 


The  ground  plan  of  the  Kensington  Museum — crowded,  awkward,  irregular — is  already  ob- 
structive by  its  limits,  as  stated  in  its 
publications. 

Extracts  from  "  The  Preface  "  of  a 
"  Catalogue  of  the  Casts  from  the  Antique 
in  the  South  Kensington  Museum  :  " — 

The  principal  objects  aimed  at  in  the  formation 
of  the  historically  arranged  Museum  of  Casts  from 
the  antique  are  : — 

I.  To  give  the  artist  the  opportunity  of  studying 
the  best  representatives  of  the  difterent  periods  of 
Greek  Art. 

II.  To  provide  the  Archaeologist  with  the  indis- 
pensable means  of  studying  his  science  and  of 
illustrating  his  lectincs. 

III.  Relates  to  advantages  afforded  to  students. 
IV;  To  inform  Amateurs  who  are  about  to  visit 

foreign  Museums  where  the  best  remains  of  an- 
cient plastic  art  are  to  be  found.  (  Wc  would 
bring  casts  of  all  these  "  best  remains"  at  once 
to  our  National  Gallery.') 

V.  Relates  to  the  educational  influence  upon  the 


-5?^" 


GOODHUE,    DEL. 


No.  38.— COURT  OF  THE  LIONS,  ALHAMBRA,  FOR  ARABIC  COURT. 


public. 


But  an  explanatory  note  adds  an  important  caution.  Although  the  catalogue  ttumbers  but 
2JI  specimens  of  the  thousands  that  can  be  cheaply  commanded.,  and  refers  students  to  foreign  Mu- 
seums for  others,  yet  the  area  is  confusedly  crowded.     It  is  said  : 

The  arrangement  is  in  the  main  clironological.  We  say  in  the  main,  because  the  gallery  assigned  to  the 
collection  does  not  admit  of  this  arrangement  being  rigidly  adhered  to.  Tlie  larger  reliefs  have  had  to  be  placed 
out  of  their  proper  sequence  on  the  walls  as  suitable  space,  considerations  of  light,  etc.,  determined. 

The  government  of  the  British  Museum  is  embarrassed  with  its  riches  in  the  Townley  mar- 
bles and  other  accumulations.  The  building  that  was  supposed  ample  for  the  library  and  natural 
history  collection  and  museum  must  be  given  only  to  books. 

The  museums  of  Boston  and  New  York  have  made  their  moderate  growth  in  about  30 
years  for  the  lack  of  space.  Immediately  that  an  addition  is  obtained  it  is  filled.  The  contents 
of  the  Cluuy  and  the  Trocadero  Museums  crowd  their  premises. 

Versailles,  almost  exclusively  a  gallery  of  paintings,  has  a  range  of  1,300  feet,  repeated 
probably  ten  times,  say  13,000  feet  on  different  floors,  and  by  the  side  walls  of  apartments  built 
for  bed-chambers,  ball-rooms,  and  banqueting  halls  ;  yet  it  is  compactly  filled.  Its  historical 
series  numbers  1,204  paintings,  probably  requiring  two  miles  in  range  for  proper  exhibition.  The 
National  Library  of  France  covers  3^  acres,  demanded  for  books  and  their  use.  The  new  Na- 
tional Library  at  Washington  covers  4  acres  in  a  plot  of  6  acres  of  ground. 

The  School  of  Fine  Arts,  in  Paris,  has  its  dark  attics  packed  under  rafters  to  the  eaves  with 


THE  AMPLE  AREA  DEMANDED. 


35 


No.   39. TAJ     MtHAL    lOK    MOGUL    Col   K 


GOODHUE,    DEL. 


valuable  casts,  tliat  can  only  be  selected  by  the  croucliing  of  the  purchaser  with  the  dim  light  of 

a  candle. 

The  catalogue  of  the  Louvre  objects,  moulded  for  sale,  numbers  1,169  specimens,  and  includes 

Egyptian,    Assyrian, 

Ninevite,  and  Pheni- 

cian  relics,  as  well  as 

classic   and    modem. 

In  the  latter  it  is  rich 

of  the  French  School, 

Jean  Goujon,  German 

Pilon,  etc. 

B  r  u  c  c  i  a  n  i ,  of    ^ 

London,  offers   1,489 

specimens  upon  sale, 

beside  the   catalogue 

of  the  British  Mu- 
se u  m  of  reproduc- 
tions of  ancient  niar- 

bles,  bronzes,   etc., 

Egyptian,    Assyrian, 

and  the  famous  fragments  of  the  Parthenon,  the  Mausoleum  of  Halicarnassus,  etc.,  etc. 

The  Assyrian  sculptures  number  60  slabs,  averaging  about  30  square  feet  each  of  surface. 

These  figures  illustrate  the  capacity  demanded  for  such  exhibitions,  even  in  fragments. 

These  60  bas-reliefs,  many  of  them  7  to  8  feet  in  length,  are  offered  for  308  pounds,  $1,540, 

packed  for  shipment. 

The  Vatican  contains  a  museum  of  20  courts.     It  is  an  irregular  mass  of  buildings,  covering 

a  space  1,200  feet 
long  by  1,000  feet 
broad,  of  several 
stories.  The  build- 
ings enlarged  in 
emergency  are  ver^' 
irregular  in  plan. 

Its  galleries  of  vast 
extent  are  filled  with 
but  one  class  of  arch- 
aeological remains. 
Before  reaching  the 
main  entrance  a  cor- 
ridor  2,000  feet  in 


■i^:.ii.^ -.♦:!:-•  I»it4r     ' 


t 


'r^s^; 


v^ii. 


■;>ie;-CiOTi  ;ic-M.'M  ' 


RENWICK.  ASriNWALL  i  HUS8ELL,  ARCHTS. 


No.   40, — GOTHIC    HALL    IN    GOTHIC    COUR  L. 


length  is  walled,  with  ancient  Pagan  and  Christian   inscriptions.     This  exceeds  in  length  the 


3^ 


A  NATIONAL   GALLERY  OF   HISTORY  AND  ART. 


entire  range  of  galleries  proposed  for  the  illustration  of  Roman  history ;  but  the  plan  provides 

on  either  side  the  same  range  for  the  casts  of  statuary  and  divers  objects. 

The  galleries  should  also  be  utilized  extensively  for  topographical  models  of  the  Acropolis, 

the  Forum,  etc.,  etc.  These  are  the  most  tangi- 
ble realizations  possible  of  the  relative  size  and 
position  of  objects. 

The  model  of  the  Pueblo  of  Zuny,  in  the 
Smithsonian  Institution,  is  an  admirable  specimen 
of  such  works.  It  is  upon  a  small  scale,  yet  it 
measures  18'  6"  x  9'  6".'  Beueath  are  boxes  of 
implements  and  potter}^  that  should  be  seen  with 
it ;  unopened,  for  want  of  space.  The  cast  of  the 
Aztec  Sacrificial  Stone,  in  the  Smithsonian  In- 
stitution, measures  10  feet  in  diameter,  and  the 
calendar  is  12  feet  wide.  Such  models  are  not 
costly,  and  for  them  a  large  area  should  be 
anticipated. 

The  walls  of  the  corridors  should  supply  ample 
space  also  for  casts  of  inscriptions.  Most  liberal 
selections  should  be  brought  from  the  Christian 
Museum  of  the  Lateran,  founded  as  lately  as 
Pius  IX  ;  its  Christian  sarcophagi  of  the  4th  and 

5th  centuries  ;  its  inscriptions  and  paintings  from  the  catacombs.     Pictures  of  these  in  books  give 

no  such  vivid  impressions  as  exact  counterparts  in  size,  color,  and  perspective.     Such  thrilling 

memorials  of  eras  from  which 

flowed  and  widened  the  tides  of     r  >■.  ..^.v^. ;-.:,,.  .^-,.;-^, .,„... ,  ..  .■■....... — — — — — — ■ .,..-.,  .>..--  i--.v:i:i!i,:cf::'^i;ssismm 

modern    civilizations    should   be  ! 

precisely  duplicated. 

Systematic   search    for   in- 
scriptions,   etc.,    is   now   made 

with  great  zeal  throughout  the 

territory  of  ancient  Greece.     Cy- 

rene,  Halicarnassus,  Rhodes,  and 

Ephesus,  and  other  places,  have 

been  explored  by  the  English  ; 

Athens  by  Greeks  and  English  ; 

Olympia  by  Greeks  and  Germans ; 

Cyprus   by  Genl.    Cesnola,   and 

other    sites    by    French    and 


P.J    A.    4    R.,    ARCHTS. 
No.   41.  —  PAKT  OF  ENTRANCE  COLONNADE,    WITH  ARTIKICIAL  LAKE. 


LINCOLN -AftCH 


RENWICK,  ASPtNWALL   4    RUSSELL,  ARCHTS 


No.   42. — THE    LINCOLN    ARCH. 


Germans. 

The  American  School  at  Athens,  it  was  expected,  would  secure  the  concession  of  an  explora- 


COMPARISONS  WITH  FOREIGN  GALLERIES.  37 

tion  of  Delphos.     Unfortunately,  the  subscription  of  80,000  dollars  was  too  late,  and  the  French 
secured  the  opportunity. 

There  are  now  preserved  from  20,000  to  30,000  Greek  inscriptions,  from  which  most  valuable 
literarj'  and  archaeological  data  have  been  secured.  It  is,  indeed,  to  be  desired  that  Americans 
may  yet  secure  a  share  of  these  scholastic  records  and  relics. 

In  farther  vindication  of  the  scale  for  the  National  Gallery,  comparative  measurements 
and  areas  are  given. 

The  Capitol  of  the  United  States  has  a  frontage  of  751  feet  by  324  feet ;  covering  with  porti- 
coes and  steps  153,112  square  feet,  or  3^^  acres. 
The  American  Parthenon  (upon  the  plan)  covers  with  its  porticoes  200  feet 

by  450  feet,  ...........         90,000  square  feet. 

The  American  Galleries  surrounding  it  at  their  base,  with  porticoes,  cover       165,000 


255,000 
But  the  walls   of  these  buildings  enclose  only  132,125  square  feet,  or  less   than   three  (3) 
acres. 

The  parallelogram  of  the  old  and  new  Louvre  of  Paris  covers  2,640  feet  (more  than  half  a 
mile)  by  1,008  feet  in  width.  With  the  Tuileries,  the  buildings  covered  24  acres — an  area 
repeated  more  than  four  times  in  different  floors — that  is,  there  must  have  been  more  than  100 
acres  of  flooring.  Deducting  the  portions  used  for  Governmental  Departments  there  must  be  a 
much  larger  area  of  gallery  and  museum  space  occupied  than  in  the  American  Institute 
designed.     Yet  its  halls  are  packed ;  its  basements  crowded  with  its  ateliers  and  storage. 

And  this,  it  should  be  remembered,  is  but  one  of  the  French  museums,  beside  Versailles,  the 
Cluuy,  the  Luxembourg,  etc.,  etc. 

Part  of  the  American  galleries  and  corridors  will  be  demanded  for  the  extraordinary  remains 
of  Aztec  and  pre-historic  races.  Already  a  lady  of  scholarly  interests  in  Boston  is  filling  a  pri- 
vate store-house  with  antiquities  from  Arizona. 

The  illustrations  of  Roman  History,  proposed  for  a  historical  series  of  paintings,  would 
need  a  range  of  800  feet;  yet  they  descend  only  to  the  death  of  Antony,  B.  C.  30. 

The  Art  Gallery  of  The  Hermitage,  St.  Petersburg,  measures  515  feet  by  375  feet.  Its 
two  floors,  therefore,  equal  5,150  feet  of  range  of  galleries,  75  feet  in  width.  The  Palais  de 
rindustrie,  Paris,  for  exhibition  of  works  of  art,  is  800  feet  long  and  115  feet  high. 

It  is  not  expected  that  the  entire  range  of  buildings  would  be  immediately  completed. 
But  the  above  facts  prove  that  the  vast  galleries  proposed  are  no  exaggeration  for  the  inevitable 
demand.      The  experience  of  all  existing  similar  institutions  vitidicates  their  necessity. 

It  is  not  necessary  to  detail  designs  and  contents  for  the  Modern  Dwellings  of  Mankind, 
which  should  have  place  in  the  Park  ISTORIA.  Their  attractions  and  instructive  interest 
have  been  demonstrated  in  successive  Expositions.  They  should  be  constructed  more  grandly 
and  substantially  than  the  cheap  imitations  built  only  for  a  season.  Selections  of  appropriate 
subjects  are  illustrated  with  the  statement  that  follows,  upon  the  educational  facilities  of  the 
Institute. 


Ancient  and  Modern  Concrete  Construction— Its  Advantages. 


In  strength  and  durability  no  masonry,  however  hard  the  stone  or  large  the  blocks,  could  ever  equal  these  Roman 
walls  of  concrete  ;  for  each  wall  was  one  perfect  coherent  mass,  and  could  only  be  destroyed  by  a  laborious  process 
like  that  of  quarrying  hard  stone  from  its  native  bed. — Encyclopcedia  Britannica. 


IT  is  self-evident  that  the  structures  of  a  National  Gallery  should  be  : — 
First.  Imperishable  by  fire  or  decay. 

Second.  Impervious  to  moisture  or  vermin. 

Third.  Independent  of  external  repairs. 

These  are  essentials. 

Most  desirable  for  permanent  satisfaction  is  an  architecture  of  standard  purity  in  design  ; 
of  dignity*  and  beauty  in  effect. 

These   essential  requirements  must  be  found  in  the  nature  of  the  material.     Alone  to  be 
named  for  these  qualities  are:   i.  Stone  or  marble;  2.  Brick;  3.  Concrete. 

They  are  named  in  the  order  of  general  popularity,  but  in  the  reverse  order  of  real  value. 

Experience  has  demonstrated  that  their  order  of  merit  for  the  above  requirements  is  : 
I.  Concrete;   2.  Brick;  3.  Stone  or  marble. 

After  the  fire  in  Chicago,  a  commission  investigated  the  comparative  fire-proof  qualities  of 
material  in  the  ruins,  and  reported  their  order  as  :  i.  Concrete;  2.  Brick;  3.  Stone.  The  Bos- 
ton fire  swept  streets  of  granite  blocks  into  ruins,  even  more  quickly  than  if  they  had  been  of 
wood.  Sheets  of  flame  spread  over  ranges  of  granite  warehouses  ;  slates  flew  into  fragments ; 
the  iron  beams  and  girders  warped  and  bent,  while  the  stone  blocks  cracked,  tumbling  the 
so-called  fire-proof  piles  into  heaps  of  ruins  before  the  wooden  floor  beams  were  half  consumed. 

By  concrete  is'  commonly  understood  a  conglomerate  of  broken  stone  or  gravel,  sand,  and 
cement,  according  to  the  formulas  of  Gen.  Gilmore  and  other  authorities.  For  the  use  herein 
debated  for  constructions  above  ground,  is  intended  a  finer  concrete  of  sand  only  with  Portland 
cement^  as  more  dense,  therefore  less  porous,  and  presenting  a  finer  and  more  uniform  surface 
and  tint  than  the  coarser  mixture.  Facts  are  appended  in  demonstration  of  the  values  in  ordi- 
nary concretes  both  in  ancient  and  modern  use.  For  foundations  it  is  universally  accepted  as 
of  greatest  value.  Fortifications  and  large  structures  of  the  highest  class,  the  Washington  Mon- 
ument, the  Bartholdi  Statue,  etc.,  are  based  on  concrete.  The  Hotel  Metropole,  London,  has  a 
foundation  of  concrete,  re-enforced  by  "sixty-five  miles  of  band  iron." 


*  "  Sublimity  is  nearly  impossible  in  brickwork.  The  smallness  of  the  material  is  such  a  manifest  incongruity  with  largeness  of 
parts  that  even  the  Romans,  though  they  tried  hard,  could  never  quite  overcome  the  difficulty."— Ferguson. 

"The  ancients  used  brick,  cased  over  with  plaster  as  smooth  as  glass." — Rollin.  Such  was  the  construction  of  the  Baths  of 
Caracalla,  etc.:  vast  and  magnificent  piles.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  late  national  buildings  along  the  future  Park,  from  the 
Capitol  to  the  Potomac,  do  not  rise  in  grandeur  above  the  factories  of  Lowell  in  the  poverty  of  their  brick  walls. 


EXAMPLES  OF  CONCRETE  CONSTRUCTION. 


39 


But  in  walls  above  ground  there  is  less  familiarity  with  its  use  and  custom  excites  timidity 
in  its  adoption. 

The  sand  and  Portland  cement  concrete  proposed  was  the  material  used  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  Villa  /Jorayda  and  the  Hotel  Casa-Monica  *  in  St.  Augustine,  there  with  a  fraction 
of  "  coquina  "  or  shell.  It  was  employed  in  the  Pompeia  at  Saratoga  Springs,  on  the  exterior 
wall  and  for  pavement,  and  in  the  interior  for  columns,  architraves,  etc.     It  has  been  used  suffi- 


FRASKLIN    W.   8WtTH,   ARCHITECr, 
No.   4-,. VILLA   ZORAYDA.       THE  HIRST  CONCRETH  BUILDING  IN  ST.    AUGUSTINE.        I  882. 

ciently  to  demonstrate  its  solidity  and  strength  ;  its  increasing  hardness  beyond  any  natural 
stone  ;  its  resistance  to  cold  at  i6  degrees  below  zero  ;  its  capability  to  receive  any  required  tint 
in  color  except  white,  and  its  cheapness  against  brickwork. 

This  use  of  concrete  has  lately  been  familiar  in  cities  for  pavements,  which  are  exposed  to 
the  most  severe  action  of  frost.f  Fortunately  the  latitude  of  Washington,  with  its  gentle  climate, 
dispenses  with  much  expense  against  this  risk. 


*  The  original  name  of  this  construction  is  recalled  for  its  significance  and  tender  historical  associations.  "  Casa  "—'house  ; 
"Monica"— the  name  of  the  mother  of  St.  Augustine.      Vide  "  T/ie   Cori/essious  of  St.  Augiis/iHe"  in  allusion  to  her  death. 

t  Washington  and  other  cities  are  being  paved  largely  with  a  coarse  concrete,  in  place.of  gran.ite  and  North  River  slate. 

The  approaches  to  the  new  Armorj  at  Saratoga  Springs,  the  terrace  rail  and  terminijl  posts,  the  curbing  and  twelve-inch  water- 
way will  be  constructed  0/  the  best  Portland  cement  and  gravel ;  I.  e.,  concrete.  The  same  material  is  used  in  the  construction  of 
over  200  miles  of  sidewalks  in  Minneapolis,  and  stands  the  temperature  of  40  degrees  beloiu  zero  without  cracking  or  springing.  But 
as  above  stated,  the  concrete  for  walls  above  ground  would  be   of  much  finer  and  stronger  components. 


40 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY   AND   ART. 


In  its  adoption  we  are  returning  not  only  to  the  examples  of  the  ancients  but  of  modern 
Europe,  where  dwellings,  bridges,  and  aqueducts  are  entirely  built  thereof. 

The  New  Mausoleum  Company,  of  Brooklyn,  have  plans  prepared  for  a  structure  of  marble 

and  concrete  350  feet  square,  three  stories  below 
ground,  and  two  or  three  stories  above  ground,  with 
a  tower  160  feet  in  height  and  on  the  main  floor  a 
memorial  hall. 

Concrete  was  the  most  important  of  all  the  materials  used 
by  the  Romans. 

*  *  *  Large  spaces  were  covered  with  vaults  and 
domes,  cast  in  a  senii-fluid  concrete.  *  »  *  Xhe  enormous 
vaults  of  the  great  thermae,  and  the  like,  cover  their  spaces  with 
one  solid  mass  like  a  metal  lid,  giving  the  form  but  not  the  prin- 
ciple of  the  arch,  and  thus  allowing  the  vault  to  be  set  on  walls., 
which  would  have  been  at  once  thrust  apart,  had  they  been  sub- 
jected to  the  immense  leverage  which  a  true  arched  vault  con- 
stantly  exerts  on  its  imposts.     *     *     * 

Massive  walls  were  cast  in  a  mould  ;  a  sort  of  box  of  planks 
held  by  upright  timbers  into  which  the  semi-fluid  mass  was 
poured.  When  this  was  set,  the  timbers  were  removed  and 
refixed  on  the  top  of  the  concrete  wall ;  then  fresh  concrete  was 
poured  in,  and  this  process  was  repeated  till  the  wall  was  raised 
to  the  required  height.  In  some  cases  the  whole  wall  to  the  top 
was  cast  in  this  way  and  the  brick  facing  was  omitted  ;  /.  c,  the 
building  was  wholly  of  concrete.  *  *  *  About  3  feet  high 
appears  to  have  been  the  average  amount  of  wall  raised  in  a  day. 


No.   44. VkSIIBULt,    ZUKAYDA. 


A  reference  to  Fig.  51  of  the  Casa-Monica  in  construction,  will  show  how  precisely  Roman 
concrete  methods,  as  above  described,  were  illustrated  upon  a  large  scale  in  1887. 

The  enormous  dome  of  the  Pantheon,  142'  6"  in  space,  is  cast  in  concrete  ;  being  one  solid  mass,  it  covers  the 
building  like  a  shell :  free  from  any  lateral  thrust  at  the  haunches.  The  walls 
of  the  Pantheon  are  of  concrete,  with  a  facing  of  bricks.  Steps  in  the  Forum 
had  concrete  coves,  which  remain.  Pedestal  coves  of  concrete  also  remain. 
The  circular  podium  around  the  temple  of  Vesta,  about  ten  feet  high,  of 
concrete,  still  exists.  The  great  platform  in  Nero's  palace  and  the  pyramid 
of  Cestius  are  other  of  the  many  remains  of  concrete  in  ancient  Rome. — En- 
cyclopedia Britannica^  last  edition. 

In  the  recent  extension  of  the  Via  Nazionale  in  Rome, 
the  concrete  foundations  of  the  house  of  Sallust  were  encoun- 
tered, and  it  was  necessary  to  blast  them  with  dynamite. 

The  opinion  of  Mr.  James  Renwick  upon  the  expediency 
of  the  use  of  concrete  for  the  National  Gallery  is  stated,  as 
follows  : 


F.    W.   S.,    ARCHT. 
No.  45. — ZORAYDA.       THE   KIRST  CONCRETE  ARCH  IN 
ST.   AUGUSTINE. 


ENDORbBMENT  OF   CONCRETE   AS  A  MATERIAL.  4I 

Renwick,  Aspinwall  &  Russell,  Architects, 

71   Broadway,  New  York,  January  21,  1891. 
Franklin  W.  Smith,  Esq. 

My  Dear  Sir  :  In  answer  to  yours  of  the  loth,  in  which  you  desire  me  to  give  an  opinion  as  to  the  value  of 
concrete,  or  B^ton,  as  it  is  called  by  the  French,  as  a  building  material,  and  a  history  of  its  use,  I  would  state  that 
concrete  was  used  by  the  Romans,  and  also  in  small  quantities  by  the  architects  of  the  Middle  Ages.  In  modern  times, 
owing  to  the  discovery  of  cements  and  hydraulic  limes  and  the  perfection  of  these  manufactures,  it  has  been  used  much 
more  than  previously,  and  this  is  due  to  its  great  value  in  moist  as  well  as  dry  foundations,  and  also  to  the  fact  that  it 
will  set  under  water,  and  for  building  j^urposes  because  it  is  more  durable  than  sandstones,  and  as  durable  as  marble 
or  granite.  Concrete  is  composed  either  of  a  mixture  of  hydraulic  lime,  cement,  and  sand,  or  of  cement  and  sand  and 
broken  stone,  or  broken  bricks  or  gravel. 

Its  use  for  foundations  is  now  almost  universal.  For  superstructures  it  has  also  been -largely  used.  The  B^ton 
Coignet  has  been  extensively  used  in  France  in  the  great  aqueduct  which  supplies  Paris,  in  which  it  is  carried  across 
the  depression  in  the  woods  at  Fontainbleau  by  arches  of  B^ton,  one  of  which,  of  80  or  more  feet  in  span,  crosses  the 
public  highway.  A  churcli  lias  also  been  built  of  it  from  foundation  to  the  top  of  the  spire,  and  hoxses,  pavements  of 
streets,  and  the  cavalry  barracks  at  Paris  arc  also  made  of  this  material. 

In  Germany  many  houses  arc  built  of  it  entirely,  with  the  steps  of  the  same  material.  The  great  breakwaters  in 
the  Mediterranean  at  Alexandria  and  Port  Said  are  of  concrete,  which  is  made  in  the  form  of  a  cube  of  about  6  feet 
6  inches  and  thrown  into  the  sea. 

In  this  country  B6ton  Coignet  was  used  by  me  for  all  the  interior  walls  of  the  Cathedral  of  New  York,  except 
the  columns  and  traceries,  which  are  of  marble,  and  was  exposed  for  years  to  the  action  of  the  weather  without  damage. 
Many  houses,  also,  are  faced  with  this  material,  colored  to  resemble  brown  stone.  The  arch  in  Prospect  Park,  in 
Brooklyn,  is  also  of  this  material,  and  the  underpinning  of  many  of  the  bridges  on  the  Erie  Railroad,  the  masonry  of 
which  has  been  damaged  by  floods,  in  which  it  was  very  successful. 

The  material  of  which  it  is  proposed  to  build  the  galleries  of  Istoria  is  better  than  this,  as  it  is  made  of 
Portland  cement  and  not  of  hydraulic  lime  and  sand.  It  will  stand  a  very  great  pressure  and  is  stronger  than  many 
building  stones;  it  can  be  made  in  any  color,  except  white.  It  has  been  used  with  great  success  in  St.  Augustine, 
where  there  is  not  other  material  easily  procurable  which  is  dinable,  and  it  ought  to  be  used  much  more  largely,  as  it 
is,  in  addition  to  its  durability,  the  cheapest  known  material.  If  mixed  by  machinery,  the  walls  of  a  building  can  be 
built  for  32  cents  a  cubic  foot;  more  than  ten  cents  less  than  common  brickwork.  For  columns,  cornices,  doors, 
windows,  and  all  mouldings  and  ornaments,  its  relative  expense  is  at  least  from  J  to  J^  that  of  cut  stone,  as  after  the 
moulds  are  made,  the  whole  work  can  be  done  by  unskilled  labor.  For  a  great  public  building,  such  as  the  National 
Gallery,  it  is,  therefore,  the  most  economical  material  that  can  be  used. 

With  regard  to  the  height  and  dimensions  of  the  galleries,  I  would  advise  a  basement  from  10  to  15  feet  high, 
depending  upon  the  position  chosen  for  the  building,  with  the  galleries  above  it,  which  should  be  from  30  to  40  feet  in 
width.  As  the  plan  is  drawn  with  colonnades  for  statuary,  etc.,  on  each  side  of  the  galleries,  this  will  keep  all 
objects  of  interest  on  the  same  level.  The  basements  can  be  used  for  workshops  and  apartments  for  the  officers  and 
employes  of  the  institution,  and  in  some  cases  may  be  omitted  if  the  ground  on  which  the  building  is  placed  requires 
it.  I  have  no  doubt,  in  my  own  mind,  that  this  plan  is  the  most  convenient  and  best  adapted  to  the  purposes  for 
which  the  building  is  to  be  used.     •     *     * 

Yours  truly, 

*  [Signed]  JAMES  RENWICK. 

The  massive  and  extensive  concrete  residence  of  Mr.  W.  E.  Ward,  of  the  iron  manufactur- 
ing firm,  Russell,  Burdsdall  &  Ward,  Port  Chester,  N.  Y.,  of  which  illustrations  are  annexed,  is 
a  scientific  and  practical  proof  of  the  adaptation  of  the  material  to  general  construction. 

*A  farther  extract  from  the  letter  of  Mr.  Renwick  is  placed  with  the  consideration  of  cost. 


42 


A  NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY  AND   ART. 


Before  the  commencement  of  the  work,   Mr.  Ward  made  tests  and  experiments  with  the 
material  at  large  expenditure  of  thought,  time,  and  money.     These  investigations  were  made 


No.   46. ZORAYDA,   INTERIOR.       A  MONOLITH   OK    CONCRETE.       WALLS    AND  GALLERIES  OK  CONCRETE.       ARCHES  KACED  WITH  TRACERIES  OK  THE  ALHAMBRA. 

in  1871-1872,  and  published  in  "Transactions  of  the  American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engi- 
neers," at  the  regular  meeting  in  Cleveland,  O.,  1883.  The  following  is  an  extract  from  the 
report : 

When  all  doubts  were  removed  concerning  the  reliability  of  the  several  combinations  of  materials  required  in  the 
construction,  a  building,  embracing  the  following  radical,  new  features,  was  erected  (during  four  years,  1S73-1S77), 
for  dwelling  purposes,  near  Port  Chester,  N.  Y.  :  Not  only  the  external  and  internal  walls,  cornices^  and  towers 
of  the  building  were  constructed  of  beton,  but  all  of  the  beams,  floors,  and  roofs  were  exclusively  made  of  be  ton, 
re-enforced  with  light  iron  beams  and  rods. 

Furthermore,  all  the  closets,  stairs,  balconies,  and  porticoes,  with  their  supporting  columns,  were  moulded 
from  the  same  material.  The  only  wood  in  the  whole  structure  being  window-sashes  and  doors,  with  their  frames, 
moss  boards,  and  the  stair  rails,  thus  excluding  everything  of  a  combustible  nature  from  the  main  construction. 


A  RESIDENCE   BUILT  OF  CONCRETE. 


43 


B6ton  can  be  used  in  any  form  of  construction,  and  is  able  to  serve  the  requirements  of  any  architectural  or  deco- 
rative effects,  etc.,  etc. 

On  the  26th  of  January  last,  I  wrote  Mr.  Ward  asking  whether  he  had  discovered  any  cause 
for  qualifying  his  judgment  as 
to  the  value  of  beton  for  a  reli- 
able building  material. 

He  replied  February  3,  as 
follows : 

No,  sir.  I  have  not  found  through 
experience  and  close  observation  any 
reason  for  qualifying  my  opinions  of  the 
superior  excellence  of  beton  as  a  first- 
class  building  material ;  and  only  won- 
der that  after  the  complete  success  of 
my  big  experiment,  the  building  public 
are  so  slow  in  adopting  it  more  gen- 
erally. 

In  a  subsequent  letter 
(March  7,  1891),  Mr.  Ward 
wrote : 

I    am    unable    to    emphasize    its 

•.  .  1  -^     I  No.   47. — CONCRETE  RESIDENCE  OF    MR.   W.   E.   WARD,   PORT  CHESTER,   N.    Y.        l87?-l877. 

merits  as  Strongly  as  it  deserves.  ^'  '  ■  ■^,  "•         'o/^  loy/. 

For  such  a  structure  as  you  propose  to  build,  and  as  you  aim  to  realize  equal  duration  in  all  parts,  I  would 
certainly  construct  the  roof  out  of  tiie  same  material. 

Mr.  Ward  made  his  roof  of  large  slabs  of  concrete  resting  on  the  supporting  walls  with 

paper  (slip)  joints,  to  admit  of  expan- 
sion and  contraction. 

The  history  of  the  extensive  con- 
crete constructions  in  St.  Augustine 
is  interesting,  and  the  facts  involved 
therein  are  conclusive  as  to  the  ex- 
pediency of  its  use  for  the  National 
Gallery.  In  the  winter  of  1882, 
while  in  Spain,  I  decided  to  build  a 
winter  home  in  St.  Augustine  after 
the  model  which  the  experience  of 
centuries  had  proved  desirable  in 
semi-tropical  countries. 

An  oriental  house  of  wood  would 
be  an  anachronism  ;  yet  there  was  no 
stone  in  Florida.     To  freight  it  from 
the    North    would    be    an     extrava- 
gance.    At  Vevay,  on  Lake  Geneva,  subsequently,  the  dilemma  of  material  was  relieved.     In 


No     4S. — INTERIOR  Oh  MR.   WARD'S  HOUSE.       ELOOR,   WALLS,   AND  CEILING  OF  CONCRETE. 


44 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF*  HiSTORV  ANt)  ART. 


the  neighborhood  a  chateau  was  in  construction.  Concrete  partition  walls  four  inches  thick  were 
being  cast  of  the  rubbish,  bricks,  etc.,  left  from  the  main  walls,  in  a  wooden  boxing.*  Near  by 
Grecian  balusters  were  being  cast  of  fine  sand  and  cement  in  iron  moulds,  very  rapidly,  with 
unskilled  and  cheap  labor.  The  problem  was  solved.  I  saw  henceforth  an  age  of  stone  for 
St.  Augustine  instead  of  pitch-pine  wood. 


FHANKLIN   W.    EMITH,    ARCHITECT 


No.  49.— THE  "  CASA-MONICA,"  ST.  AUGUSTINE.       CONCRETE  OF  SEA  SAND  WITH  PORTLAND  CEMENT. 

In  the  following  December,  with  a  Boston  mason,  experiments  were  made,  and  the  first  concrete 
blocks  of  Coquina  sand  and  Portland  cement  were  cast  in  St.  Augustine  for  the  Villa  Zorayda. 
They  are  preserved  as  valuable  relics.  Then  the  first  course  around  the  lines  of  the  dwelling 
herein  depicted  was  laid  in  planks  10  inches  high,  and  filled  with  the  mixture.  In  two  days  a 
range  of  handsome  smooth  stone  was  revealed.  It  was  followed  by  another  immediately,  and 
these  layers  hardened  sufficiently  to  allow  the  raising  of  the  walls  a  course  every  other  day.  The 
partition  walls  were  cast  in  with  the  main  walls  in  even  courses,  also  the  arches  of  the  court,  so 
that  the  building  is  practically  a  monolith.  Arches  like  the  first  cast,  as  seen  in  the  illustration 
(pl-  45).  were  re-enforced  and  anchored  to  the  walls  by  round  iron  rods.  The  outer  walls  were 
cored  with  an  air-chamber,  by  a  board  buried  in  the  boxing  and  then  raised,  like  a  boat's  centre- 

*  "  Even  party  walls  of  small  rooms  "  (of  Roman  houses)  "  are  not  built  solid,  but  have  a  concrete  core  faced  with  brick  trian- 
gles about  three  inches  \on'fi  "  —Eucyclopcedia  Britannica. 


THE  HOTEL  CASA-MONICA,  OP  CONCRETE. 


45 


F.    W,   SMITH,   ARCHT. 


board,  before  the  concrete  hardened.     In  thirty  days  the  walls  were  as  hard  as  any  building  stone, 
and  in  a  year  as  defiant  of  a  drill  as  granite. 

The  result  is  a  building  that  can  hardly  be  excelled  for  durability,  solidity,  and  richness  in 
effect,  dryness,  and  fire-proof  qualities.  Fireplaces  cast  in  concrete  have  withstood  to  the  date  of 
this  writing  occasional 
fires,  during  eight  win- 
ters,  of  live-oak  wood, 
without  as  much  impres- 
sion as  would  have  been 
made  upon  fire-brick. 

The  famous  and  ex- 
tensive constructions  of 
concrete  in  St.  Augustine 
followed,  and  now  it  is  in 
universal  use,  not  only  for 
first-class  and  rich  build- 
ings, but  for  fence  posts, 
sidewalks,  chimney  flues, 
etc.,    etc.;    and   the    piers 

beneath   the   poor   man's  No.  50.-THE  "  casa-mon,ca  "  m  construction. 

cottage,  formerly  built  of 

bricks  from  the  North  at  double  the  cost. 

The  Casa-Monica,  of  which  illustrations  are  annexed,  stands  as  a  superb  illustration  of  con- 
crete. A  facade  of  above  400  feet,  a  tower  of  100  feet  in  height,  balconies,  arches,  cornices,  battle- 
ments, etc.,  etc.,  are  a  homogeneous  mass  of  solid  and  elegant  stone.  It  was  a  new  departure  in  this 
building  to  use  the  sea  sand  simply  dredged  from  the  flats  of  the  harbor,  having  not  more  than 
one-tenth  of  the  coquina.  It  was  found  that  the  finer  the  material  the  more  dense  and  uniform 
in  color  the  result.  This  building  challenges  comparison  with  any  in  the  United  States  for  the 
desiderata  of  a  first-class  stone  construction,  and  especially  with  its  ornamentation  and  impressive 
grandeur,  illustrating  the  Spanish  castellated  and  the  Hispano-Moresque  forms — -for  its  cost. 

The  Museum  of  the  Stanford  University,  California,  next  to  the  Memorial  Chapel,  will  be  the  most  important 
edifice  on  the  grounds.  It  will  be  300  feet  in  lengtJi,  three  stories  in  height^  and  the  entire  structure  from  founda- 
tion up — walls,  Jloors.  and  roof — is  to  be  of  concrete  and  twisted  iron.  The  whole  edifice  to  be  moulded  into  a 
single  monolithic  structure,  without  seam,  break,  or  joint.  The  bars  of  iron  embedded  in  the  concrete  are  immova- 
bly held  at  every  point  by  the  enveloping  material,  and  thus  impart  their  own  tensile  strength  to  the  concrete,  which 
obviates  the  necessity  for  great  thickness  or  heavy  weight,  especially  since  it  is  found  that  bars  of  iron,  subjected  to 
cold  twisting,  gain  largely  in  tensile  strength. 

I^^Thus  a  precursor  of  what  is  proposed  for  the  National  Gallery  is  precisely 
to  illustrate  the  present  theory  in  advance,  by  the  liberality  and  independent 
enterprise  op  Senator  Stanford. 

Stones  placed  in  contact  with  merely  joints  of  mortar  have  no  bond,  such  as  exists  in  con- 
crete held  throughout  an  entire  range  by  embedded  iron.     The  former  will  not  resist  settle- 


4^  A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  HISTORY  AND  ARf . 

ment  of  sections  or  the  shocks  of  earthquakes ;  the  latter,  better  than  any  known  material  or 
expedient,  will  resist  both.  Doubtless  this  was  one  reason  for  the  adoption  of  concrete^  re-enforced 
by  iron,  for  the  Stanford  Museum. 

It  may.be  observed  that  the  fagade  of  the  Villa  ^orayda  (Fig.  44)  is  nearly  in  three  detached 
sections.  If  really  separate,  the  least  jar  of  earthquake  or  the  slightest  settlement  would  be 
made  apparent.  For  security  against  either,  the  sections  are  bound  by  imbedded  railroad  bars 
through  the  entire  width  of  the  building.  Considering  that  earthquakes  have  shattered  a  city 
as  near  to  Washington  as  Charleston,  this  contingency,  not  anticipated  at  the  commencement 
of  the  Capitol,  is  worth  consideration.  The  writer  hopes  to  set  up  in  Washington  within  a  few 
months,  specimen  columns,  cast  in  concrete,  that  will  be  their  own  evidence  of  the  qualities 
asserted,  viz.,  that  such  construction  is  monolithic,  homogeneous ;  that  it  increases  its  tensile 
and  crushing  strength  continuously  with  time,  and  that  it  can  take  readily,  cheaply,  and  per- 
manently, any  precise  tint  demanded  for  beauty,  except  white. 

It  will  be  said  that  such  material  is  an  imitation  of  stone.  It  is,  in  fact,  a  stone,  although 
of  artificial  creation. 

Unquestionably,  as  Ferguson  has  stated,  value  enters  into  our  conception  of  greatness  and 
richness.  The  semblance  of  the  Koh-i-noor,  be  it  absolutely  indistinguishable  in  its  precision, 
cannot  satiate  our  curiosity  to  look  upon  the  great  original  diamond.  But  in  wise  use  of  our 
capital  we  shall  not  rival  motfarchical  ambition. 

Fortunately  the  essential  elements  desired — sublimity  and  duration  as  its  complement — 
are  both  supplied  b}'  the  modern  perfection  of  cement  in  its  chemical  affinity,  producing  rock. 

In  all  great  imitative  creations  we  satisfj'  ourselves  with  slight  semblances  compulsivel3^  A 
painting  is  but  a  thin  and  perishable  phantom  of  the  everlasting  hill  or  the  ocean  that  rollest 
now,  "Such  as  creation's  dawn  beheld." 

The  Dome  of  the  Invalides  is  only  a  film  of  gold  in  thickness ;  but  Dr.  Holmes  overheard 
Sirius  mistaking  the  gilded  Dome  of  the  Capitol  of  Massachusetts,  in  Boston,  as  a  stranded 
satellite  that  had  lost  its  way. 

The  Athenians  were  content  with  a  plating  of  real  substance  for  th  e  colossal  ivory  and  gold 
statue  of  Athena  in  the  front  chamber  of  the  Parthenon  ;  yet  that  and  the  Olympian  Jupiter 
have  ranked  as  the  grandest  human  conceptions  realized  in  art. 

The  Warrior  Goddess  was  made  of  plates  of  ivory  upon  a  core  of  wood  or  stone  for  the  flesh 
parts,  on  which  was  laid  the  drapery,  etc.,  of  gold.  Previous  to  Phidias,  colossal  statues,  when 
not  of  bronze,  had  head,  hands,  and  feet  of  marble,  while  the  body  was  of  wood.  Yet  to  the 
great  masters  of  Greece  "  doth  mankind  owe  its  knowledge  of  the  beautiful." 

Terra  Cotta  is  a  moulded  material,  but  is  now  an  established  artistic  resource,  and  has 
gained  general  acceptance  since  its  first  prominent  use  of  late  years  in  the  exterior  bas-reliefs 
of  the  Boston  Art  Museum.  To  the  aesthetic  sense  a  moulded  bas-relief  is  a  greater  contrariety 
in  sculpture  than  a  moulded  brick  or  moulded  plinth  in  architecture. 

The  magnificence  of  Rome,  enduring  through  the  ages,  even  in  its  ruins,  was  original  in 
brick  and  concrete  to  a  great  extent.  Augustus,  it  is  written,  found  Rome  of  stone,  and  left  it 
in  marble.  Its  stone  was  principally  artificial ;  its  marble  was  a  plating  upon  walls  of  brick  or 
concrete. 


COMPARATIVE   ECONOMY   OF  CONCRETE. 


47 


"  Even  marble  buildings  were  usually  coated  with  a  thin  layer  of  fine  white  stucco,  nearly  as 
hard  and  durable  as   the  marble  itself-  a  practice  also  employed  in  the  finest  buildings  of  the 
Greeks — probably  because  it  formed  a  more  absorbent  ground  for  decoration. 
"  Stone  columns  coated  in  this  way  were  called  coliimtice  dcalbatceT 

The  exterior  of  the  Taj  at  Agra  and  the  interior  of  the  Alhambra  at  Granada  are  generally 
admitted  to  be  the  most  fascinatingly  beautiful  in  the  world.  The  latter  has  exhausted  superla- 
tives of  admiration  from  Irving  to  Amicis.  Its  exquisite  traceries  have  stood  in  full  relief  for  more 
than  five  centuries  (the  Court  of  the  Lions  in  the  open  air),  yet  it  is  of  stucco.  Exact  counterparts 
of  the  "glories  "  of  art  can  be  had  only  for  the  world  in  substitutes  of  plaster.  Assuming  that 
the  above  evidence  demonstrates  that  concrete  supplies,  better  than  stone,  the  essentials  for  con- 
structions required,  the  economical  result  is  extraordinary. 

Brickwork  in  Washington  has  advanced 
in  cost  to  $9.72,  say  $10.00  per  cubic  }'ard, 
owing  to  the  exhaustion  of  good  clay  in  the 
vicinit}-.  Mr.  Renwick's  estimate  of  the 
cost  of  concrete  (22  cents  per  cubic  foot)  is 
$5.94,  sa}^  $6.00  per  cubic  yard. 

A  comparison  of  the  cost  of  cut  stone 
or  marble,  especiall}'  in  large  blocks,  will 
show  an  enormous  saving.  The  marble 
columns  of  the  Capitol,  including  base  and 
capital,  are  30  feet  4^  inches  in  height. 
The  shafts  are  24  feet  10  inches  by  3  feet 
in  diameter,  in  one  block. 

Mr.  Edward  Clark,  Architect  of  the 
Capitol,  writes:  "According  to  my  recollec- 
tion the  cost  of  each  column,  including  cajj 
and  base,  was,  approximately,  $3,000.00." 

The  Roman  Doric  order  would  be, 
consistently,  cast  in  concrete  by  sections. 
After  the  expense  of  the  mould  $100  each 
would  be  a  liberal  estimate  for  the  cost  of 
columns  of  the  dimensions  above  stated. 

Granite!  [columns,  [one-half  the  size  of 
those  required  for  the  Columbian  Parthenon,  would  cost  at  Westerly,  R.  I.,  $996.50,  say, 
$1,000.00.  These  would  be  about  3  feet  in  diameter  and  should  not  cost,  as  above  stated,  over 
$100.00  in  concrete. 

An. approximate  estimate,  without  calculation  of  details  from  experience  and  the  above  data, 
for  the  group  of  buildings  of  the  Historical  Galleries  would  be — 

In  concrete, $10,000,000.00 

In  marble  or  granite  ....         $40,000,000.00. 


No.  52 


-MOORISH    ARCHES    IN    THE    COURT    OF    VILLA    ZORAYDA,    SHOWING    THE 
ALHAMBRESQUE   TRACERY. 


No.  53. — THE  ENRICHMENT  OF  THE  KOMAN  FORUM  FROM  THE  RESTORATION  UY  CANINA;  TYPICAL  OF  FUTURE  COMMEMORATION  BY  THE  PEOPLE 

OP  AMERICAN  PATRIOTISM  AND  PATRONAGE  OF   ART. 


The  Contents  of  the  National  Galleries  and  their  Courts. 


Diffused  knowledge  immortalizes  itself. — Sir  James  Mackintosh. 

Knowledge  is  of  two  kinds.     We  know  a  subject  ourselves,  or  we  know  where  we  can  find  information  upon  it. 

—  Samuel  Johnson. 
History  hath  triumphed  over  time,  which,  besides  it,  nothing  but  eternity  hath  triumphed  over. 

— Sir  Walter  Raleigh. 


WB  have  in  imagination  provided  commemorative  Temples  of  History,  and  Galleries  for  illus- 
tration of  the  highest  attainments  of  art.  No  institution  upon  a  system  as  comprehen- 
sive at  the  outset  has  hitherto  been  attempted.  It  is  claimed  to  be  a  new  departure  in  accord  with 
the  progressive  and  utilitarian  spirit  of  the  age. 

Such  advance  is  demanded  in  these  days  in  all  intellectual  as  well  as  material  interests. 
Old  University  systems  have  yielded  to  the  eclectic  demands  of  a  practical  era.*     Technologi- 

♦  Thoroughly  in  Bympathy  with  these  ideas  is  the  present  University  extension  movement;  a  new,  broad,  and  promising  educa- 
tional instrumentality  by  which  the  latest  results  in  the  fields  of  art,  science,  and  philosophy  are  to  be  carried  to  the  general  public. 
In  this  as  in  other  enterprises  of  high  scholarship,  America  cannot  claim  priority.  For  fifteen  years  it  has  been  promoted  in  England 
under  the  lead  of  Dr.  Moulton,  of  Cambridge. 

Lately,  lectures  have  been  given  by  Professors  of  Princeton,  Columbia,  Yale,  and  Harvard,  on  various  subjects,  in  New  York 
and  Brooklyn;  Professor  Marquand,  of  Princeton,  lecturing  on  Archaeology.  These  valuable  services  are  stimulating  a  demand  for 
the  grand  Institute  of  Illustration,  herein  proposed,  as  essential  to  inquiry. 

In  the  same  direction  of  zeal  for  diffusion  of  knowledge  is  the  plan  of  the  new  University  of  Chicago,  for  work  throughout  the 
year,  by  lectures  in  and  about  the  citjr. 


THE  COLUMniAN  PARTHENON. 


49 


No.   54.  —  GREEK    MAUSOLEUM   OF   HALICARNASSUS.       RESTORATION.       M. 


cal  institutions  supplant,  for  special  vocations,  the  old  classic  routine,  that  the  student  may  go 
directly  to  the  goal.  We  seek  to  arrange  collateral  information  along  his  path.  The  advantage 
for  America  is,  that  in  her  youth  and 
wealth  she  is  not  encumbered  by  cus- 
tom and  routine.  The  Kensington 
Museum,  as  we  have  shown,  is  proof 
of  the  possibility  of  modern  improve- 
ments in  aid  of  archaeology  and  art. 

The  proposed  National  Gallery 
of  History  and  Art,*  it  is  believed, 
would  excel  both  in  materials  and 
methods  any  existing  institution. 

It  would  draw  from  analogous 
organizations  of  the  Old  World  all 
details  applicable  to  its  purposes,  and 
it  would  add  others  of  special  value  to 
Americans,  as  a  new  nation  in  a  new 
world,  isolated  from  all  original  re- 
mains. 

The    system    of    illustration    ad- 
vised is  claimed  also  to  be  compara- 
tively, with  its  attractions,  its  promised  influences  and  results,  more  economical  than  previous 
historical  and  artistic  collections. 

For  apprehension  of  the  scheme,  the  reader  is  invited  to  enter  the  structures,  in  imagination 
completed,  and  forecast  their  occupation  and  use. 

Like  the  Parthenon  on  the  Acropolis,  and  the  Temple  of  Jove  on  the  Capitoline  Hill,  the 
monument  to  Columbus  dominates  a  height  before  the  American  Capitol ;  its  counterpart  in 
prominent  magnificence. 

This  grand  temple  we  devote  to  commemoration  of  the  discovery  of  the  Western  Hemisphere 
as  a  Columbian  memorial.f  Its  central  hall  should  be  walled  with  frescoes  representing  the  enter- 
prise of  Columbus — from  his  beggary  at  the  gate  of  the  monastery,  through  his  vicissitudes  of 
disappointment,  heroism,  danger,  triumph,  persecution,  and  death.| 

The  extraordinary  Chautauqua  educational  organizations  and  assemblies  have  preceded  these  movements,  in  facilitating  popular 
education,  not  only  of  youth  but  the  people. 

On  the  i6th  of  June,  an  amphitheatre  of  massive  stone,  200  feet  in  diameter,  with  capacity  for  an  audience  of  7,000,  and  a  Hall  of 
Philosophy,  are  to  be  dedicated  by  "  The  National  Glen  Echo  Chautauqua,"  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac,  four  miles  from  Washing- 
ton, to  "  Educational  opportunities  for  all,  everyvfhere,  through  all  of  life." 

The  promotion  of  a  National  Gallery  simultaneously  therewith  is  an  "  Echo  "  of  its  broad  and  beneficent  announcement. 

♦The  idea  of  congregating  the  two  objects  of  history  and  art  is  a  good  one,  for  many  of  our  people  who  are  crude  in  art  matters 
aie  earnest  and  appreciative  on  matters  of  history.  — "  Gath,"  in  the  Philadelphia  Inquirer. 

t  See  Addenda  4. 

t  The  Columbian  series  described  is  typical  of  the  general  result,  which  it  is  the  aim  of  this  paper  to  describe,  viz : 

Ax  Institute  of  Illustration,  by  paintings  in  chronological  series,  accurately  revealing  historical  events,  and 
BY  other  collateral  objects  and  devices. 


50 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY   OK   HISTORY  AND   ART. 


We  place  there  with  the  portrayals  of  his 


No.   55. CLOISTER    NARANCO.       SPANISH    COURT.        R. 

bronze  doors  in  the  Capitol.     But  an  event  of 
torical    range  and    result   than    any 
ever  wrought  by  one  of  the  human 
race,  should  claim  colossal,  not  min- 
iature, representation.* 

There  is  no  such  distinct  and 
realistic  presentation  of  a  great  his- 
torical cycle  in  all  the  galleries  of 
Europe.  If  the  compartments  of 
ceilings  in  the  Vatican  or  the  Louvre 
be  cited  to  the  contrary,  it  will  be 
remembered  that  the  details  are  in 
such  distant  positions,  and  in  such 
subjection  to  adjacent  ornamentation 
that  the  observer  abandons  the  effort  ■ 
even  to  identify  the  subject  from  his 


history,  portraits  of  his  sovereigns,  of  his  friend 
the  Monk  Marchena,  his  companions, 
and  others  of  early  navigators.  There 
should  be  models  of  his  ships,  the 
Santa  Maria,  the  Pinta,  and  the  Nina  ; 
resemblances  of  memorial  objects  from 
Spain,  and  reproductions  of  the  imple- 
ments and  scientific  appliances  of  his 
age. 

The  galleries  of  Spain  will  furnish  a 
full  series  illustrating  these  incidents 
and  events,  although  it  is  surprising  to 
find  that  they  are  scattered  through  the 
various  cities.  Nowhere  is  placed  a  con- 
secutive, pictorial  record  of  the  proudest 
fact  in  her  history. 

These   incidents  are   illustrated   on 

such  surpassing  heroism,  and  of  more  vast  his- 


No  56.  —STAIRCASE,  TOLEDO.       SPANISH    COURT.       R. 


*  I  confess  discontent  with  dwarfed  ideals  in  sculpture  of  great  souls  and  great  events.  The  Rogers  bronze  doors  are  in  imita- 
tion of  the  Ghiberti  panels  in  Florence.  When  Michael  Angelo  said  that  "  the  gates  of  the  Baptistery  were  fit  for  the  gates  of  Para- 
dise," he  must  have  rated  their  detail  of  execution,  not  their  dignity  of  dimension.  He  wrought  "  the  grand,  the  terrible,  and  bold," 
in  the  "  Armory  of  Nature."  His  creations — Day  and  Night,  Night  and  Morning — are  giants,  and  yet  more  colossal  were  his  David 
and  Moses. 

At  the  risk  of  heresy  to  old-time  admiration,  I  acknowledge  impatience  with  toy-like  representations  of  the  Creation  and  Fall; 
of  Moses  receiving  the  law  from  Jehovah ;  of  the  history  of  the  Saviour  of  mankind  and  His  Apostles. 

I  cannot,  without  disclaimer  of  irreverence,  stoop  to  find  Columbus  with  his  globe  debating  with  the  Dominicans  the  balance  of 
Creation— a  figure  of  twelve  inches,  down,  down  to  nearly  the  level  and  dust  of  the  pavement— with  features  utterly  indistinguishable. 

A  Colossus  at  the  junction  of  the  Missouri  with  the  Mississippi,  in  the  heart  of  the  American  continent,  would  be  in  more  con- 
sistent proportion. 


HISTORICAL  PAIMTINGS  IN  CHRONOLOGtCAL  SERIES. 


St 
Gen- 


No.   57. — TRIUMPH    OF    ROMULUS,    B.    C.    74O.        R. 


guide-book.  There  are  none  but  fragmentary  efforts  at  continuity  except  at  Versailles, 
erally,  facts  are  overlaid  with  al- 
legory for  ornament,  in  indiffer- 
ence to  their  importance,  from 
which  it  is  difficult  to  extricate 
them. 

Thus  an  Institute  would 
have  a  clear  field  for  the  conse- 
cration of  art,  in  a  revival  of  the 
past,  more  vivid,  intelligible,  and 
impressive  to  the  people  than  has 
yet  been  developed.  Let  the 
stories  of  history  be  tangibly  set 
forth  in  truthfulness,  not  in 
poetic  ideality ;  in  actual  conti- 
nuity, not  in  fragmentary  fan- 
cies ;  in  satisfaction  of  curiosity 
(the  only  true  stimulus  to  intelli- 
gence), not  in  isolation,  that  is 
discouraging  to  the  ignorant,  revealing  to  him  no  end  from  a  beginning. 

For   this    consummation  the    subject   must   be  grasped   as    a  whole.       Given  an  area  for 

representation,  and  a  subject,  the 
historian  must  mark  the  salient, 
critical,  objective,  and  final  data; 
must  recreate  the  characters  and 
their  surroundings  by  all  written 
and  antiquarian  material ;  then 
the  artist  must  give  them  life 
and  power  in  semblance  of  form 
and  color. 

Since  the  above  was  written  I 
have  received  from  London, 
Pinelli's  "  Istoria  Romana,"  giv- 
ing 102  engravings  of  Roman 
History  in  illustration  of  Rol- 
lin,''"  from  the  time  of  Romulus 
and  Remus  to  the  Emperors. 
These  could  be  enlarged  by  the 
camera,  and  would  need  only  the 


No.  5S.- 


-LUCIUS  JUNIUS  BRUTUS  CONDEMNS  HIS  SONS   TO   DEATH  FOR   CONbPlRACV    TO  RESTORE  TAR- 
OyiN  TO  THE  THRONE,  B.  C.  5OO.       R. 


* 'ilie  edition  of  Rollin,  illustiatod  by  these  poweifiil   dnnvinjjs,  is  in  the  Library  of  Congress.     Histoire   Romaine,  Depuis   la 
Foii'.Uition  de  Rome,  Jiisqu'a  hi  Bataille  d'Actium.     Paris,  174S.      16  vols. 


52 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF   HISTORY  AND  ART. 


No.    S9. M.    CORIOLANUS,   CONDEMNED    TO  EXlLt,     I'LEADS    AGAINST  THE  SEMLNCE  BY   WOUNDS    IN 

WAR  FOR  HIS  COUNTRY,  B.  C.  47O.       R. 


colorist  to  complete  an  attractive  and  vivid  series  for  popular  study.     Six  of  the  series  are  here 

given  in  illustration  of  the  whole. 
Imagine  this  svxggestion  real- 
ized in  a  grand  hall,  walled 
with  truthful  and  life-like  por- 
trayals of  the  great  eras  and 
decisive  incidents  of  Roman  his- 
tory ;  *  the  connection  of  the 
facts  revealed  being  fully  ex- 
plained by  accompanying  text ; 
these  representations  being  again 
multiplied  by  photo-reductions 
for  inexpensive  hand-books  of 
history,  such  as  are  now  pub- 
lished by  the  Kensington  Mu- 
seum upon  its  treasures  of  art ! 
Imagine  the  Greek,  Byzantine, 
Renaissance,  and  other  Galleries 
also  thus  illumined  by  re-crea- 
tions of  the  critical  and  crucial  experiences  of  their  nationalities,  that  marked  their  transitions 

to  conquest  and  defeat,  great- 
ness and  decay !     Thus  more 

effective    object-lessons   than 

have  ever  before  been  devised 

would  be   scattered   broadcast 

from  the  Capital  of  the  nation 

to    the  homes   of  its    people. 

The    Gallery    would    issue 

text-books   to   the    adults    of 

the  nation. 

This    practical,    unpoetic 

employment   of  art,   rather 

than   for   the   play   of  imagi- 
nation,  m  a  y  invite  criticism 

from  connoisseurs  whose  ideal 

demands  perfection,   and  who 

are   hypercritical  of  all   but 

recognized  masters. 

♦Extensive  ranges  of  paintings  may  recall  to  many  the  exhaustive  prostration  of  the  round  thhough  Versailles,  where  fatigue 
dissipates  all  pleasure  before  half  the  course  is  made,  and  from  which  there  is  no  retreat. 

When  Americans  have  their  own  galleries,  far  excelling  in  interest  and  instruction  those  of  Europe,  as  they  may,  they  will  not 
be  limited  to  a  day's  visit  in  a  continuous  drive;  and  they  will  utilize  elevators,  automatic  tramways,  and  perambulators;  and  study  as 
they  travel  in  luxury  and  ease. 


T-io.  6o.^R0MAN  WOMEN  GIVE  THEIR  JEWELS  FOR  DEl-ENCE  OF  ROME  AGAINST  THE  GAULS,  B.  C.  35O.       R. 


HISTORICAL  PAINTINGS  IN   CHRONOLOGICAL   SERIES. 

Such  aestheticism  is  incompatible  with  the  aim  of  the  proposed  Institute, 
that  the  world  can  never  paint 
its  history  at  the  cost  of  "  The 
Angelus,"  nor  would  it  be  desir. 
able  in  the  microscopic  detail  of 
Meissonier's  Napoleon  in  1814 — 
30  inches  by  20  inches — sold  for 
170,000  dollars,  or  283  dollars 
per  square  inch. 

It  is  vain  to  expect  that  our 
Government  will  in  this  genera- 
tion purchase  such  treasures ; 
that  the  agent  of  the  American 
National  Gallery  will  appear  in 
competition  with  Emperors  of 
Russia  and  France  for  a  Murillo 
Madonna,  sold  for  315,000  francs. 


It  is 


55 
apparent 


No.  01.- 


THh  DEATH  Of  KEUULUS   BY    TOKTURE  UPON  HIS    RETUKli    AS    I'KlSi^i.L;;    1  T.O.M    H!S  E.MBaSSY 
TO  ROME,  WHERE  HE  URGED  WAR  WITH  CARTHAGE,  B.  C.  256.      R. 


The  great  majority  of  the  people 

cannot   appreciate   such   values. 

Fortunately,  the  small  minority  who  can  indulge  a  limitless  enthusiasm  are  increasing  the  private 

ownership  of  masterpieces  froin 
their  surplus  of  wealth. 

Thence  they  will  gravitate  to 
public  possession  by  gifts  such 
as  those  from  the  late  Mr.  Cor- 
coran, Messrs.  Marquand  and 
Walters,  and  bequests  like  that 
of  Miss  Catherine  Wolfe.  Thus 
the  Corcoran  Gallery"^'  and  other 
Metropolitan  collections  will 
hold  the  costly  gems  of  art. 
They  will  be  to  the  great  practi- 
c  a  1  institution  herein  advised 
what  the  gems  of  the  Green 
Vaults  of  Dresdenf  are  to  casts 
in  the  Trocadero  or  the  Kensing- 


No  62. ■ 


-HAMILCAR,   THE    CARTHAGENIAN  GENERAL,   DEMANDS    OF    HIS    SON,    HANNIBAL,     AN    OATH    OF 
PERPETUAL  ENMITY  TO  ROME,  B.   C.   238.       R. 


ton,  or  to  the  instructive  potteries 
of  Egypt  and  Etruria,  which  are 
far  more  important  as  models  of  design  or  for  interpretation  of  history. 


*The  Corcoran  G.illerj,  in  Washington,  is  a  most  attractive  popular  selection  of  works  of  meritorious  art,  in  tlie  variety  and 
interest  of  its  subjects,  as  well  as  for  beauties  brought  from  nature  and  life  to  fascinate  the  eye. 

t  The  Green  Vaults  of  Dresden  contain  an  immense  collection  of  precious  stones,  pearls,  works  of  art  in  gold,  silver,  amber, 
ivory,  and  rock  crystal.     It  has  the  largest  known  onyx,  valued  at  30,000  dollars. 


54 


A  NATIONAL  GALlERY  OF   HIStORV  AND  ART. 


The  genius  of  art  as  adapted  to  this  age  cannot  be  more  clearly  set  forth  than  in  the  com- 
ments of  Monsieur  Phillipe  Gille  on  the 
exhibit  of  the  late  French  Exposition.* 
He  writes  thus  : 


The  19th  century  is  insatiable  in  the  mattei 
of  knowledge,  comparison,  and  generalization 
in  all  things.  The  taste  for  art  is,  in  these  days, 
merely  one  special  branch  of  universal  curiosity. 
In  the  eyes  of  the  thoughtful  public,  a  figure  or 
a  picture,  a  statue  or  a  group,  has  gradually  lost 
its  subjective  interest,  which  has  become  sec- 
ondary to  its  value  as  an  ethnological  or  his- 
torical record.    Landscape,  for  instance,  English, 

, :,  ,^        .^^^^^^^^^^L,  French,  German,  African,  or  Asiatic,  takes  the 

i  <tfj<ifii^iiiiii,iii  I  i^mi  I  iiBBi^BiHBIBillHiiilMiiiiiiimiiniin"*™"" '"'''"'"""""""'""- 

place  of  descriptive  geography. 

Genre,   finding  its  subjects  in  the  most  dis- 
similar countries,  represents  with  the  charm  of  relief  and  color  the  manners  and  customs  of  the  human  race. 


No.  65. — EGYPTIAN    TEMPLE    AT    PHIL.€.       R.  IN  PART. 


This  realism,  in  accord  with  the  practical  spirit  of  the  age,  must  be  the  standard  for  his- 
torical art  work  of  a  popular — that  is,  a  people's — 
institution. 

Accuracy  and  beauty  in  execution  are  not  less 
to  be  demanded  than  in  the  creations  of  idealists. 
The  frescoes,  lavished  in  German  galleries,  should 
be  exemplars  for  the  manipulation  in  distemper, 
and  for  oil  work,  the  panoramic  force  and  literalness 
of  Horace  Vernet. 

The  sensible  conclusions  of  Monsieur  Gille 
may  be  extended  to  all  the  technical  subdivisions 
of  knowledge.f  The  artist  has  no  need  to  resort 
to  the  creations  of  his  fancy  for  his  highest  inspira- 
tions. Realism  in  subject,  through  fidelity  to  nature 
in  accessories,  are  not  less  the  charm  of  Claude; 
Corot,  or  Millet,  than  their  success  with  atmosphere 
and  color.  In  fact,  it  is  the  pathos  in  realism — the 
worship  of  the  peasant — the  unison  of  the  soul  with 
the  imaginary  bell-strokes  of  the  Angelus,  that  has 
won  for  the  latter  pre-eminent  adnairation. 

The  learned  Professors  of  the  Institute  who 
shall  prescribe  the  incidents  of  history  to  be  delin- 
eated set-iatim  must  inevitably  utilize  every  depart- 
ment of  art. 


No.  64. — CORINTHIAN    DETAILS.       R. 


*  See  Addenda  3. 

fFor  farther  discussion  of  the  literal  utilization  of  art  for  educational  use,  see  Addenda  3. 


REALISTIC   EMPLOYMENT  OF  ART. 


55 


No.   65. — CLOISTERS  OF  SAN  PAOLO,  ROME.       MEDl/EVAL  COURT.       R. 


The  liunian  figure  in  perfection  of  form  and  action  takes  early  position  in  subjects  of  the 
Greek  and  Roman  periods. 

Nor  will  the  Muse  of  History 
dwell  only  on  the  spiritual  or  the 
stern  and  powerful  elements  that 
have  wrought  or  warred  through 
the  mythology  or  conquests  of  the 
ancients.  Coming  downward  from 
the  iron-disciplined  Spartans,  we 
shall  meet  the  religious  inspiration 
of  saints  ;  the  romance  and  chivalry 
of  Minnesingers  and  Troubadours. 

The  theory  for  the  Institute 
would  not  be  a  rigid  and  dry  ex- 
hibit of  facts  by  schoolmen,  but  to 
command  all  resources  of  art,  to 
clothe  them  with  beauty  and  en- 
chant attention  in  study. 

It  is  an  age  of  illumination  and  object  teaching,  that  may  be  applied  with  unequalled  facility 
in  a  national  agency  for  dissemination  of  knowledge. 

These  frescoes  and  canvasses  should  be  the  works  of  American  artists  under  guidance  of  the 

highest  existing  talent.  Europe 
should  supply  its  ability  for  precep- 
tors, as  Switzerland  gave  Agassiz  to 
Harvard  University. 


In  our  imaginary  assignment  of 
the  Columbian  Temple  to  its  com- 
memorative use,  we  behold  it  filled 
with  graphic  pictures  and  tokens  of 
events  which  it  would  forever  freshen 
to  succeeding  generations. 

The  surrounding  ranges  of  tem- 
ples we  appropriate,  in  like  manner, 
to  the  history  and  archaeology  of 
the  American  Republic ;  to  the  por- 
traiture of  its  founders,  patriots, 
defenders,  and  all  who   should   be 


No.   66. — CAZA  ZAPORTA.       SPANISH  COURT.       R. 


emblazoned  on  its  tablets  of  fame. 

The  American  Galleries  would  receive  the  full  series  in  portraiture  of  Presidents  of  the 


56 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY  AND   ARr. 


United  States.     Beneath  or  around  them  should  be  panels  illustrative  of  their  rise  to  their  great 

distinction.     This   should   be   a   grand   saloon — to   be 
known  as  The  Hall  of  the  Presidents.* 

Upon  the  terraces  that  cover  the  hillsides  are  ranged 
picture  galleries,  with  corridors  on  either  side,  propor- 
tioned in  extent  to  the  importance  of  historic  periods 
and  races.  The  galleries  will  receive  chronological 
series  of  paintings,  like  that  of  Roman  history  de- 
scribed, and  the  corridors  all  collateral  illustration  pos- 
sible from  the  plastic  art.  These  enclose  courts  for 
reproduction  of  monuments  and  structures  to  complete 
the  delineation  of  human  life  and  .development  by  all 
available  material.  Egyptian,  Greek,  Roman,  Persian, 
Byzantine,  Assyrian,  Renaissance,  Mediaeval,  Arabic, 
Gothic,  Moorish,  Spanish,  and  East  Indian  Courts 
should  contain  monuments  or  relics  of  the  highest 
attainment  of  their  civilizations. 

This  picture  may  appear  too  grand  for  realization. 

Its    entire    practicability   will    be   argued    under   the 

specialty  of  architectural  reproductions  proposed^ 

as   the  most  effective  and  progressive  feature  'for  our 

.,  _,  National  Gallery. 

No.  07, — GOTHIC    PORTAL,     BEAUVAIS.        R.    AS    ABOVE   FOR  "^ 

GOTHIC   COURT. 

We  have  assigned  our  central  ranges  of  galleries 
to  historical  and  commemorative  paintings. 

These  should  be  supplemented  by  collections  to  utmost  extent  of  all  illustration  by  engrav- 
ing, photography,  etc.jf  that  would  perfect  the  scheme  of  Pictorial,  Historic,  and  Art  Illus- 
tration, if  thoroughly  indexed. 

This  suggestion  I  would  strongly  emphasize  as  the  conviction  of  considerable  observation 
and  experience.  The  material  abounds  in  all  European  collections  ;  yet  in  practical  uselessness 
because  nowhere  catalogued  by  subjects.  The  National  Library  of  Paris  holds  1,320,000  engrav- 
ings, arranged  under  the  names  of  the  designers.  In  like  manner  the  Louvre  Museum  has 
36,000  specimens  of  engravings,  and  the  Vatican  as  many,  that  can  only  be  approached  with 
difficulty. 

•In  the  year  of  the  Victorian  Jubilee,  after  witnessing  the  pageant  in  London,  the  author  was,  with  fellow-passengers  Irom  the 
coach,  walking  up  hills  in  the  Lalce  region.  In  the  company  were  two  persons  of  East  Indian  complexion  ;  an  Indian  Prince  and  his 
servant.  The  former  had  been  one  of  the  gorgeous  oriental  escort  of  the  Queen.  In  conversation  that  followed,  he  said  :  "  I  am 
greatly  disappointed  that  my  associate  will  not  return  with  me  across  the  United  States  to  India.  I  want,  above  all,  to  visit  the  peo- 
ple who  have  chosen  good  rulers  by  popular  vote  for  loo  years." 

fMr.  SpofFord,  Librarian  of  Congress,  states  that  "by  the  silent  operation  of  the  copyright  law  for  twenty  years  past,  the  Library 
of  Congress  has  accumulated,  without  a  dollar  of  expense  to  the  Government,  over  500,000  works  of  graphic  art,  embracing  line  engrav- 
ings, mezzotints,  lithographs,  etc.,  etc.  It  is  proposed  to  have  in  the  new  Library  Building  an  Art  Gallery,  250  feet  by  35  feet,  for 
exhibition  of  the  progress  of  art  in  this  direction  since  1870." 

This  is  most  interesting  and  desirable,  but  has  no  relation  to  the  above  plan  of  reproduction  of  foreign  and  antiquarian  art. 


REALISTIC  EMPLOYMENT  OF  ART. 


57 


The  British  Museum  has  commenced  publication  of  Catalogues  of  its  Engravings,  by  three 
royal  octavo  volumes  on  Caricature.  The  details  are 
fully  described  of  each  picture ;  for  instance,  by  Ho- 
garth, of  the  persons,  motives,  etc.,  etc.,  of  the  scene; 
but  there  is  no  index  to  subjects,  as  political,  domestic, 
etc.,  or  as  of  jurisprudence,  religion,  etc.  Thus  these 
vast  collections  are  of  less  practical  utility  than  a  tithe 
of  their  number,  made  facile  to  examination. 

By  photography  these  selections  from  the  great 
European  accumulations  can  be  duplicated.  If  then 
indexed  by  their  subject,  author  and  date,  as  are  modern 
libraries,  all  previous  artistic  conceptions  of  a  period, 
or  a  race,  or  a  biography,  would  be  immediately  avail- 
able to  the  scholar,  the  author,  architect,  and  artist. 

Such  an  index  of  the  Institute  would  more  than 
parallel  that  of  Dr.  Poole  to  Periodical  Literature ;  a 
life  work  of  inestimable  value  in  modern  study  ;  a  guide 
in  a  labyrinth  ;  an  evolution  of  order  out  of  chaos.  By 
such  an  accomplishment  the  Institute  would  surpass  in 
usefulness  all  other  collections,  that  might  hold  a  greater 
aggregate  of  material. 

As  collateral  to  the  above  pictorial  lessons  from 
history,  there  should  be  wall  charts  of  the  progress  of 
civilization  ;  and  its  geographical  demarcations  at  divers 


No.  68 


M. 


No.  69.— JAINA  TEMPLE  OF  VINALA  SALE,    1  3TH  CENTURY. 


R. 


PAVILION,   HULLABEED.       INDIAN  COURT. 

periods.  For  instance,  we  should 
define  the  contemporary  bounds 
of  Latin,  Greek,  and  Oriental 
civilization.  The  large  painting 
of  the  Kensington  Museum  in 
comparison  of  the  dimensions 
and  architecture  of  the  grandest 
buildings  of  the  world,  is  an  ex- 
cellent specimen  of  such  illus- 
tration. This  expedient  of  plac- 
ing statistics  in  diagrams  has 
been  actively  applied  in  a  late 
Census  of  the  United  States. 

The  history  of  the  migration, 
increase  and  improvement  of 
earth's  population ;  the  rise  and 
decline  of  Empires,  might  be 
thus  graphically  delineated,  giv- 


58 


A   NATIONAL     GALLERY   OF   HISTORY  AND  ART. 


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RfeAtlsTic  Employment  of  art. 


59 


ing  life  to  dry  statistics  and  elucidating  to  the  eye  historical  events.     These  themes  present  a 
field   for   prize   competitions  in  ingenuity  and  scholarship. 


Collateral  with  painting,  the  plastic  art  is  an  indispen- 
sable appliance  for  illustrative  objects  and  examples.  Its 
facility,  perfection  and  cheapness  are  unsurpassed  by  any 
process  of  human  skill  that  relates  to  the  refinements  of 
life.  It  will  produce  with  absolute  truthfulness  the  features 
of  a  colossal  sphinx,  or  the  microscopic  lineaments  upon 
a  coin.  No  expenditure  for  the  objects  sought  in  these 
papers  will  yield  more  tangible  and  remunerative  results 
than  purchases  of  casts. 

The  great  museums  of  Europe  allow  no  vacancies  in 
their  collections  of  all  desirable  specimens.  Within  a  few 
years  the  School  of  Fine  Arts  of  Paris  has  added  a  grand 
hall  for  models ;  some  of  enormous  proportions.  Its  cata- 
logue has  2,943  numbers  for  sale.  The  collection  includes 
Statues,  Busts,  Masks,  Anatomical  Fragments,  Bas-reliefs, 
Animals,  Arms  and  Armor,  Altars,  Cameos,  Candelabra,  In- 
scriptions,   Lamps,    Ornaments,    Plaques,    Saddlery,    Vases, 

Ecclesiastical  Stalls, 


EiS52 


No.  72. — PILLAR,    TSCHULTRIE.       R. 


etc.,  etc.,  in  the 
Greek,  Roman,  By- 
zantine,      Gothic,  No.   71. — BALCONY,    BENARES.      R. 

Renaissance  and  Modern  styles. 

Beside  these  are  architectural  models  in  full  propor- 
tion as  seen  in  Fig.  28,  p.  26.  The  values  appended 
show  the  cheapness  with  which  art-casts  may  be  lavishly 
supplied. 

Prices  are  as  follows  :  For  10  Statues,  4  feet  2  inches 
and  upward,  26  francs,  average;  236  Busts  and  Heads, 
assorted  sizes,  9  francs.  Bas-reliefs  are  of  great  im- 
portance, not  only  as  models,  for  design,  but  for  their 
historical  records  and  illustration.  The  collection  num- 
bers 578  specimens  at  a  cost  of  40  francs  each  on  the 
average.  To  this  is  added  60  per  cent,  for  packing  and 
shipping  expenses.  For  all  educational  use  casts  are 
absolutely  as  good  as  originals.  An  eminent  Professor 
of  Architecture  in  one  of  our  chief  Universities  re- 
marked, in  accordance  with  these  recommendations, 
that  he  would  restrict  a  National  Institution  to  casts  of 


antiquarian  remains,  considering  the  fictitious  value  of  originals  in  comparison. 


^  A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  HISTORY  AND  ART. 

The  Royal  Museum  of  Berlin,  in  the  impossibility  of  purchase  of  originals,  decided  tc»  obtain 

casts  of  all  the  masterpieces  of 
sculpture  in  the  world.  It  haS 
2,271  specimens. 

In  nine  years  the  Museum  of 
the  Trocadero  in  Paris  has 
gathered  its  splendid  exhibit  in 
casts  of  architectural  styles. 

The  Louvre  and  the  British 
Museum,  in  aid  of  art  universally, 
offer  extensive  lists  of  objects  for 
sale  in  replication.  The  English 
people  having  supplied  money 
without  stint  for  the  acquisition 
of    ancient   remains,    now    offer 


No.   73. — TOPE  OF  SANCHI,  BUDDHIST  SHRINE,  6tH  CENTURY.       M. 


counterparts  to  the  world  at  a  tithe  of  their  cost. 

The  Parthenon  Sculptures  cost,  in  1816,  $175,000.  The  Phigalian  marbles  cost,  in  1815- 
1816,  $95,000.  In  sculpture  of  archaic  interest  the  Museum  is  unrivalled.  The  wonderful  gain 
to  human  knowledge  revealed  by  its  acquisitions  is  impressively  stated  in  the  introduction  to  its 
catalogue,  thus  : 

The  colossal  bulls  and  long  extent  of  sculptured  slabs  covered  with  inscriptions,  which  ornamented  the  palace  of 
Sennacherib,  the  records  of  Assyrian  history  inscribed  in  cuneiform  character  on  sun-dried  bricks,  unearthed  by  Mr. 
Layard,  with  ivories,  bronze  vases,  and  numerous  other  objects,  brought  together  within  the  Museum  walls,  have  been 
the  means,  in  a  great  measure,  of  restoring  the  history  and  realizing  the  grandeur  and  advanced  civilization  of  an  ancient 
empire,  the  memory  of  which  had  been  almost  lost. 

Again  it  says : 

Here  are  stored  rather  than  exhibited  very  interesting  monuments  of  antiquity,  Indian  sculptures,  Mexican 
antiquities,  many  Roman  sepulchres,  Greek  and  other  inscriptions  in  large  numbers,  and  other  precious  remains. 

It  is  in  view  of  such  abundance  of  instructive  and  impressive  records  of  the  past,  that  the 
design  provides  a  large  area  for  its  reception,  and  that  this  appeal  is  made  for  its  early  transfer 
to  our  shores. 

Over  against  the  pictured  events  of  history  which  we  have  imagined,  brought  out  in  train, 
should  be  all  existing  busts  of  the  rulers,  scholars,  philosophers,  poets,  navigators,  inventors, 
artists,  and  others  who  impressed  themselves  upon  the  passing  eras. 

Adjacent  should  be  replica  of  inscriptions,  sculptures,  tombs,  altars,  etc.,  etc.,  which  throw 
light  upon  the  dim  traces  of  time. 

To  facilitate  modem  art  and  architecture,  all  the  masterpieces  of  ancient  sculpture  and  all 
examples  of  ancient  orders  should  be  placed  in  sight  of  the  American  student  at  home.  A  hall 
would  be  grandly  beautiful  and  inspiring  if  the  orders  were  ranged  in  accuracy  of  detail  from 
base  to  apex  of  pediment,  with  good  extent  of  entablature.  An  avenue  of  such  re-creations  of  full 
proportions  would  indicate  the  transitions   from  race  to  race;  the  Egyptian  to  the  Greek— the 


C6INS,   CERAMICS,    ARMOR,   FURNITURE,    ETC.  6 1 

Greek  to  the  Roman.  (See  Fig.  63,  p.  54.)  Models  to  scale,  of  course,  must  suffice  for  the 
generality  of  notable  constructions ;  such  as  are  now  being  gained,  of  exquisite  workmanship,  to 
the  Metropolitan  Museum  of  Art,  New  York,  from  the  Willard  bequest;  but  for  the  full  inspira- 
tion of  their  greatness  and  force,  some  great  monuments  should  be  revived  in  the  dignity  of 
original  stature  or  proportion. 

In  comparison  with  Europe  the  poverty  of  such  material  in  our  country  is  deplorable.  The 
recent  addition  to  the  Boston  Art  Museum  of  Casts,  to  a  total  of  777,  valued  at  $50,000,  is  a  wel- 
come gain;  and  it  is  cheering  to  learn  of  a  subscription  of  $100,000  to  raise  the  New  York  list 
from  168  specimens;  but  the  Nation  should  at  once  command  for  its  Capital  all  of  such  available 
object-lessons  from  the  past,  to  be  re-distributed  thence  to  local  centres  of  learning  throughout 
the  land. 

There  is  no  need  to  enumerate  in  detail  other  archaeological  material  of  Museums  essential 
to  the  National  Gallery — ^coins,  ceramics,  armor,  furniture,  bronzes,  metal  work,  etc.,  etc. 

Our  country  will  reap  the  advantages  of  late  inventive  skill  in  all  mechanical  processes  for 
their  reproduction. 

The  electrotype  process  in  its  high  development  will  supply  not  only  the  coinage  of  all 
periods  and  nations  extant  in  the  vast  collection  of  the  British  Museum,  a  service  to  knowledge 
greatly  enjoyed  by  its  venerable  numismatist,  Mr.  Ready ;  but  by  the  same  application  of  chem- 
istry and  galvanism,  Messrs.  Elkington  &  Co.,  of  London,  will  supply  large  reproductions,  such 
as  The  Regalia  from  the  Tower  of  London  ;  of  Gold  and  Silver  services  from  Windsor  Castle  ; 
of  Old  English  plate  from  Knole.  The  Corcoran  Catalogue  now  has  139  specimens  of  electro- 
type reproductions  by  Christofle  &  Co.,  of  Paris,  and  Elkington  &  Co.,  of  London,  including  the 
Treasures  of  Hildesheim,  the  Pompeian  Toilet,  and  Monument  to  Frederick  the  Great. 

The  South  Kensington  Museum  and  the  Arundel  Society  of  London  have  contracted  with 
Elkington  &  Co.  for  reproductions,  in  fictile  ivory,  of  all  their  carved  ivory  objects,  in  aggregate 
of  immense  value.  These  replica  are  for  all  uses  as  good  as  the  originals.  The  catalogue  con- 
tains hundreds  of  articles  dating  through  the  past  eighteen  centuries — caskets,  panels,  book- 
covers,  tablets,  shrines,  diptichs,  etc.,  etc. 

The  recital  made  of  abundant  material  that  is  at  once  available  vindicates  the  scale  herein 
advocated  in  immediate  constructions  for  a  National  Gallery  of  History  and  Art,  to  be  an  Insti- 
tute of  Illustration. 

The  following  design  could  be  admirably  utilized  as  a  pavilion  in  the  park  ISTORIA. 


JSjo.   74. HALL,    PALACE  OF    ALLAHABAD.       INDIAN    COURT 


62 


No.  7S. 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF  HISTORY   AND   ART. 

No.  76  No.  77 


No   78 


iNo.  03. 


No.  li,^, 


CERAMICS.      ALLEGORICAL  TILES  OF  THE  NATIONS  BY  SOLON.      EXPOSITION,  PARIS,    187S. 


MONUMENTS  AND   BUILDINGS   FOR   REPRODUCTION. 


No.  8s.— PARIS  IN  THE  TIME  OF  FRANCIS  FIRST. 

Note. — It  will  be  observed  that  several  illustrations  preceding  are  of  reproductions  advised  in  tlie  next  division  of  the  subject, 
it  being  impossible  to  place  them  always  with  the  descriptive  text. 

Fig.  85  is  an  admirable  example  for  panoramic  painting  of  the  architectural  aspect  of  cities  in  different  ages.  This  remarkable 
restoration  is  photographed  from  a  large  drawing  (12  in.  by  42  in.)  published  by  The  Builder,  London,  1S89,  with  a  key  plate  to  102 
objects.  These  will  be  revealed  by  a  magnifying  glass.  In  18SS  a  similar  plate  was  published  of  London  in  the  time  of  Henry  VIII. 
The  port,  "  St.  Bernard,"  an  illustration  for  the  Medixval  Court,  is  above  the  title  in  the  foreground. 

The  Third  of  the  novel  and  important  provisions  for  this  scheme  of  a  National  Gallery 
is  described  in  the  Introduction  as  follows : 

Reproductions  i*  full  size  in  the  Courts 
of  the  respective  Galleries  of  Historic  Nationalities 
of  their  remaining  monuments  ;  and  reproductions 
of  temples^  dwellings^  tombs ^  etc.,,  typical  of  their 
religion,,  life.,  manners  and  art. 

I  believe  this  recommendation,  if  realized,  will 
prove  the  most  popular  and  impressive  feature 
of  the  institution. 

The  reconstructions  in  the  first  Crystal  Pal- 
ace at  Sydenham  of  small  courts  of  various  st3'les, 
Egyptian,  Pompeian,  Moorish,  Mediaeval  and 
Italian,  by  Wm.  Owen  Jones,  Architect,  were 
unquestionably  the  most  attractive  and  effective 
impressions  from  the  past  upon  observers,  of  all 
the  material  exhibited. 

The  houses  of  all  nations,  by  Monsieur  Gar- 
nier,  in  the  late  French  Exposition,  are  reported 
in  all  accounts  therefrom  as  of  the  same  superlative 
interest. 

The  success  of  the  Pompeia  as  an  object-lesson 
of  Roman  Art,  Architecture,  Mythology,  Life  and 
Manners,  is  a  precedent  for  an  extensive  elabora- 
tion of  the  idea,  through  the  fields  of  archaeology.      Hitherto  Museums    and  Galleries  have 
attempted  only  the  elucidation   of  fragments  exhumed  from  antiquity ;    exhibiting  the  bones, 


No.    80. INIHKIOR  CI'  AN   tljYPTlAH   I'ALACt. 


64 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY   OF    HISTORY  AND  ART. 


—     'I^rii  -1" 


rarely  even  a  skeleton,  of  ancient  life.  With  the  light  of  modern  investigation  thrown  upon 
monuments  of  past  ages  ;    by  the  interpretation  of  their  records,  unlocked  from  mystery  on 

the  clay  cylinders  of  Nimroud,  and  the  Ro- 
setta  Stone,  the  environment  of  former  races 
has  been  revealed  to  the  scholar  and  detailed 
in  books. 

By  these  data  fractured  ruins  may  be 
readjusted;  the  voids  supplied;  the  walls 
raised;  the  roof  or  dome,  towers,  spire  or  pin- 
nacle restored ;  the  altars  placed ;  pictured 
worship  or  conflict ;  domestic  pursuit  or  lux- 
ury;  the  joys  of  life,  the  ceremonies  of  death  ; 
may  be  re-created  and  we  move  among  the 
forerunners  of  civilization. 

It  has  been  the  general  opinion  of  trav- 
elled visitors  to  the  Pompeia,  that  they  received 
a  more  vivid  conception  of  Roman  life  and  its 
surroundings  from  this  reconstruction,  than 
had  ever  been  gained- from  the  ruins  of  Pom- 
peii, or  the  multiplied  objects  therefrom  in  the 
show-cases  of  the  Naples  Museum.  Anti- 
quaries and  scholars  also  have  said  that  their 
imaginations  of  the  reality,  vividly  described  in  the  romance  of  Bulwer  and  the  critical  text- 
book of  Becker,  had  never  given  a  comprehension,  such  as  was  obtained  from  a  circuit  through 
the  halls,  apartments  and  gardens  of  the  house  of  Pansa ;  in  which  Jove  and  Melpomene, 
Victory  and  Ariadne,  Bacchantes  and  Genii,  the  household  gods  and  family  scrtHia^  the  pool 
of  the  Atrium  and  the  foliage  of  the  Peristylium ;  the  altar  for  the  Lares,  and  the  reclining 
couch  of  the  Triclinium,  are  all  in  juxtaposition,  amid  their  imposing  surroundings  of  stately 
columns  and  gorgeous  decorations. 

This  last  allusion  recalls  an  incident  apposite  to  this  argument.  Among  the  378  visitors 
of  the  Presbyterian  Convention,  was  an  eminent  President  of  a  Seminary,  and  Professor  in 
Theology.  He  greatly  enjoyed  the  practical  experiment  with  the  writer  of  reclining  at  a  feast, 
like  a  Roman,  on  the  couch  of  the  Triclinium.  The  description  of  the  posture  from  Classical 
Dictionaries  was  more  clearly  indicated  by  a  painting  of  a  Feast  of  Genii,  from  Herculaneum, 
reproduced  on  the  walls  by  Pascal,  of  Paris,  who  went  to  Pompeii  for  study  of  the  subject,  and 
by  a  copy  of  Boulanger's  Feast  of  Lticullus. 

Others  of  the  company  personated  the  servitors.  The  final  impression  was  to  this  effect : 
"For  twenty  years  I  have  taught  what  has  been  dimly  apprehended  by  me — the  luxury 
of  the  Roman  Feast,  in  recumbent  positions  of  the  guests.  I  have  hardly  conceived  them  as 
comfortable,  but  now  I  realize  all  the  ease,  luxury,  and  revelry  of  a  symposium."* 

•The  illustration  from  Viollet  le  Due  of  a  Greek  symposium  (Fig.  89)  is  awkwardly  defective  in  the  absence  of  the  round  pillows 
on  which  the  guests  rested  upon  the  elbow.  Monsieur  le  Due  was  as  rapid  in  execution  as  Dore,  and  in  this  instance  he  overlooked 
an  essential  appliance.    In  the  Pompeia  they  are  simulated  from  the  picture  above  mentioned  from  Herculaneum.     (See  page  65.) 


No.   87. WKD'S-EYE  VlhW  OK  AN  EGYl'TIAN  I'AI.ACh.       R. 


CASTS  AND   MODELS  IN  KENSINGTON   MUSEUM. 


65 


List  from  Kensington  Museum. 

Annexed  is  a  partial  list  of  the  casts  and  models  of  the  Kensington  Musenni.  They 
are  extremely  interesting  and  valuable.  They  should  all  be  provided,  and  very  many  in 
addition  to  stimulate  the  genius  of  our  people. 

partial  list  of  casts  and  MODELS  IN  THE  ARCHITECTURAL  COURT  OF  THE  KENSINGTON  MUSEUM. 


The  Rood  Loft  from  the  Cathedral  of  Bdis-le-Diic. 

Doorways  of  Rochester  and  Norwicli  Cathedrals. 

The  Prentice  Pillar — Rosslyn  Chapel. 

Recumbent  Figures  of  Henry  VII  and  Qiieen  Eleanor. 

Cloister  at  Toledo. 

The  Tabernacle  of  St.  Leonard  at  Lean. 

Baptismal  Font,  from  Hal,  Belgium  (A.  D.  1444). 

Borgnival  Monument. 

Font  at  Liege. 

Spanish-Moorish  Arch  from  Toledo. 

Arabesque  Cupboard  from  Toledo. 

Monument  of  Frederick  the  Great,  Berlin. 

The  Piierta  Delia  Gloria  of  the  Cathedral  of  Santiago. 

Choir  Stalls  at  Ulm. 

Minstrels'  Gallery — Exeter  Cathedral. 

Chimney-pieces  from  Tattershall  Castle. 

Chimney-piece  from  France;  by  Germain  Pilon. 

The  Schreyer  Monument  at  Nuremberg. 

Lion  of  Brunswick. 

The  Trajan  Column  at  Rome  (in  two  portions). 


Chimney-piece  from  the  Palais  de  Justice,  Bruges. 

Doors  of  Augsburg  and  Hildesheim  Cathedrals. 

Corona,  or  Chandelier,  from  the  Cathedral  of  Hildesheim. 

Fountain,  with  Perseus  and  Medusa,  from  Munich. 

Candlestick  at  Milan  Cathedral. 

Shrine  of  St.  Sebald,  by  Peter  Vischer. 

Tomb  of  Count  Hennenberg,  by  Peter  Vischer. 

Font  at  Hildesheim. 

Wrought-iron  Screens,  from  Hampton  Court. 

Florentine  and  Venetian  Fountains. 

Chapel,  Reredos,  and  Arched  Recess,  from  Church  of 

Santa  Chiara  (Florence). 
Doorways  from  a  Church  at  Genoa. 
Terra-Cotta  Busts  of  15th  Century. 
Doorway  of  a  Palace  at  Genoa. 
The  Gherardini  Models. 
Stone  Chimney-pieces. 

Altar-piece  and  Tabernacle  from  San  Girolamo  at  Fiesole. 
The  Ghiberti  Gates. 
Panels  from  the  Campo  Santo. 


Following  this  list  I  give  a  selection  of  structures  and  objects  recommended  for  full  re- 
production, like  the  Pompeia;   in  confidence  that  it  can  all  be  accomplished  with  equal  facility 


No.  88. ATRIUM  OF  A  GREEK  HOUSE.       R. 


No.  89, — TRICLINIUM  OF  A  GREEK  HOUSE.       R. 


and  thoroughness,  and  comparatively,  with  the  advantageous  results,  at  very  nioderate  expense. 


66 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY   OF   HISTORY  AND  ART. 


For  architectural  grandeur  ;  as  an  inspiring  ideal  ;  as  pre-eminently  commemorative  of 
the  most  powerful  impulsive  actiou  of  man  since  the  Christian  era  :  —  let  the  Parthenon    as 

a  Columbian  Temple, 
rise  on  an  Acropolis,  in 
the  perfection  of  its  dig- 
nity, unity,  and  beauty .''' 
Let  it  be  surrounded  by 
like  constructious.  The 
Greek  Federation  of 
States  centered  t  la  e  i  r 
reverence  and  admira- 
tion about  their  common 
Temple.  The  Ameri- 
can Union  should  raise 
V  a  grander  votive  shrine 

No.  90. — THE    ROMAN  COURT  OF    THE  NATIONAL    GALLERY.       A    FREE-HAND    SKETCH,    NOT    IN    ACCURATE   SCALE    OK  ° 

PERSPECTIVE,  SIMPLY  TO  ILLUSTRATE  REPRODUCTIONS  THEREIN  OF  A  POMPEIAN  HOUSE,  COLUMBARIUM,  ETC.,  ETC.         T    \_q   thoSC    who     COUCcivcd 

its  origin  and  guided  its  growth,  and  greater  temples  for  the  perpetuation  of  its  history ;  as 
the  Republic  of  the  United  States  is  vaster  than  the  Achaian  League. 

One  of  the  principal  functions  of  Greek  art  was  to  adorn  the  earthly  habitation  of  the  immortal  gods — the  Greek 
Temple,  whose  grandeur  and  harmonious  beauty  make  it  one  of  the  greatest  achievements  of  the  human  intellect, 
the  glory  of  all  succeeding  ages.f 

It  is,  therefore,  because  it  is  an  expression  of  the  highest  aspiration  of  the  human  soul 
toward  "The  Unknown  God,"  that  I  can  not  enjoy  a  miniature  of  the  Parthenon.  Models 
are  invaluable  for  realism  of  examples  in  architectural  study. 

But,  however  exact  the  imitation  of  details,  I  can  not  with  pleasure  look  downward, 
beneath  my  stature,  upon  a  dwarfed  Parthenon;  rather,  heavenward  along  its  massive,  but 
uplifting  lines,  for  the  attributes  of  power  and  beauty  that  it  was  created  to  express.  We 
should  range  its  colonnade  against  the  western  horizon  of  the  National  Capital  as  a  counterpart 
to  the  stately  dome  upon  the  east :  the  one  expressive  of  the  highest  legislative  wisdom,  the 
other  of  the  resultant  intellectual  development  of  a  nation. 

Reproductions  Proposed. 
In  the  Roman  Court,  as  seen  in  the  illustration  Fig.  90.J 

I.  The  Cabin  of  the  Aboriginal  Latians,  modeled  from  the  examples  on  cinerary  urns  found 
near  Alba. 

*The  Pantheon  at  Athens  brings  before  our  eyes  the  age  of  Pericles  more  clearly  in  all  its  perfection  than  any  written  page. — i 
Fkrgusson.      (See  Addenda  No.  5.) 

t  The  introduction  to  the  Catalogue  of  Casts  from  the  Antique  in  the  South  Kensington  Museum  by  Mr.  Walter  C.  Perry,  from 
which  I  quote,  offers  great  temptation  to  extended  extracts  from  its  clear  exposition  of  the  inspiration,  beauty,  and  perfection  of 
Greek  art. 

J  The  two  illustrations  of  the  Roman  and  Arabic  Courts,  it  will  be  observed,  are  not  in  exact  perspective.  They  are  photographed 
from  free-hand  sketches  by  Pascal,  hurriedly  made  for  this  publication.  They  are  merely  for  illustration,  like  a  blackboard  figure 
in  chalk  of  a  geometrical  diagram. 


REPRODUCTIONS  IN   ROMAN   COURT. 


(^1 


2.  Specimens  of  the  Cloacae  Maxima  and  other  Roman  masonry. 

3.  A  replication  of  a  section  in  the  catacombs,  with  burial  niches  and  altar,  with  inscriptions. 

4.  The  Porta  Maggiore,  full 
size.     (See  Fig.  9,  p.  12). 

5.  A  specimen  of  the  ruins  of 
Pompeii,  with  a  portion  of  lava  road- 
bed, a  fountain,  etc. 

6.  The  Roman  Palace  of  Scau- 
rus,  see  pages  31  and  68. 

7.  Trajan's  Column  — full  size. 

The  cast  in  the  Kensington  Mu- 
seum is  in  plaster,  in  halves.  The 
Roman  Court  in  our  plan  can  receive 
it  in  full  size  and  grandeur  in  the 
open  air.  It  can  be  readily  construc- 
ted of  concrete,  a  core  being  cast  for 
the  shaft  and  the  sections  of  relief  work  cemented  thereto 


No.  91. 


-A    ROMAN    COLUMBARIUM. 


R. 


8.  Restoration  of  the  Temple  of  Jupiter  iu  Pompeii,  see  illustration,  page  20. 

9.  Two  or  more  Tombs  from  the  Appian  Way,  with  its  pavements  precisely  imitated. 

10.  A  Columbarium  ; — the  receptacle  for  the  cinerary  urns   containing  the  ashes  of  the 

dead  (Fig.  91).  Casts  from  many  of  the  ornate 
originals  in  the  British  Museum,  to  fill  the 
niches  in  the  walls,  will  be  beautiful  art-models, 
and  interesting  for  their  memorial  inscriptions. 

Among  these  suggestive  re-creations  there 
should  be — 

II.  A  Rostra;  its  columns  adorned  with 
beaks  of  galleys  and  Roman  standards ;  — 
their  proud  initials  S.  P.  Q.  R.;  their  Eagles 
and  triumphal  wreaths. 

Bunsen  considered  that  the  Rostra  of  the 
forum  was  a  "circular  building,  raised  on  arches, 
with  a  platform  on  top  bordered  by  a  parapet, 
the  access  to  it  being  by  two  flights  of  steps, 
one  on  each  side." 

I  can  imagine  the  inspiration  to  the  Pro- 
fessor, speaking  to  the  thousand  excursionists, 
No.  92.-THE  CATACOMBS,  ROME.    R.  cducators  froui  the  East  or  the  West,  in  sight 

of  these  realistic  images — in  memoriam  of  the  Rise,  Greatness  and  Ruin  of  Rome. 

The  six  acres  enclosed  by  the  galleries  would  contain  these  and  others  that  might  be  desi- 
rable. 


68 


A  NATIONAL  CalLeRY  OP  HlSTOkY  AND  ART. 


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Trt 


From  experience  with  the  Porapeia,  I  estimate  that  the  above  could  be  reproduced  entirely 

for  $650,000.  The  Roman  House  will 
be  the  most  costly  object  of  the  list. 
I  would  add  to  these  in  the  park 
"  ISTORIA,"  outside  the  walls  of  the 
Historical  Galleries  (if  there  were  not 
sufficient  area  in  the  Roman  Court),  two 
other  important  reproductions,  viz : 

1.  A  portion  of  the  remains  of  the 
Praetorian  Camp  of  the  Romans,  now 
carefully  preserved  on  the  heights  of 
the  Saalburg  in  Germany. 

2.  A  full  reconstruction  of  the 
Roman  Baths,  at  Badenweiler,  in  the 
Black  Forest.  The  Prsetorian  Camp 
could  be  laid  out  on  half  scale.  It  would 
be  built  of  brick  of  Roman  pattern  ; 
about  10  in.  x  10  in.  x  i^.  It  would 
give  insight  of  the  strength  of  Roman 
fortifications  on  the  line  of  the  Taunus 
range,  against  northern  barbarians  ;  of 
the  discipline  of  their  armies,  and  the 
mathematical  prevision  of  movement 
which  then,  as  in  modern  times,  made 
legions  invincible. 

The  Baths  at  Badenweiler,  discovered  in  1784,  are  the  most  complete  that  remain  from 
the  Roman  domain,  al- 
though smaller  than  the 
ruins  of  those  of  Diocle- 
tian, Caracalla,  and  Titus 
at  Rome.  In  a  rich  edi- 
t  i  o  n  of  Vitruvius,  the 
authoritative  Roman  ar- 
chitect, whose  works  are 
extant,  there  is  a  full 
plan  of  these  baths. 
Their  length  is  345  feet; 
breadth  106.  Partitions, 
floors,  steps,  etc.,  are  well 
preserved.  Canina  also 
(Architecturra  Romana, 
V.  3)  gives    the    ground   plan.     In    concrete    they    could    be    reproduced    cheaply    and    with 


No.  ()}. — GROUND  PLAN'oF^THE  ROMAN  PALACE  OF  SCAURUS.       M. 


No.  94.- 


-SKETCH  LIKE    No.    90    FOR    ILLUSTRATION  OF    MOORISH  COURT,  WITH  REPRODUCTIONS;    COURT   OF  THE 
LIONS,  ALHAMBRA,  MOSQUE  OF  CORDOVA,  MOSQUE  AT  CAIRO,  ETC.,  ETC.,  ETC. 


REPRODUCTIONS  IN  MOORISH   COURT.  6g 

facility.     By  pliotograplis  of  the  walls  and  apartments  with  a    scale  ;    and    by  specimens    of 


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tS^MMjS  kmHi^kSI 

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riwll  P^l  lor'^ra 

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rqfl 

No.    95. — INSCRIPTIONS    FROM   THE   ALHAMBRA:    "  THERE    IS    NO 
CONQUEROR  BUT  GOD."      R. 

brick,  stone,  and  mortar  from  the  rnins 
to  match  the  colors,  all  details  could  be 
accurately  depicted. 

These  constructions,  with  the  sym- 
bols, objects,  weapons,  utensils,  and 
ornaments  which  would  appropriately 
find  place  therein,  would  impressively 
reveal  the   actualities    of   Roman  worship, 


No.  97. — MOSQUE   OF   CORDOVA.       R.    IN    PART. 


No. '96. — PUERTO  DEl'sOL.       GATE  OF  THE  SUN.      TOLEDO,  SPAIN. 

war,  domestic  life,  art,  and  manufacture. 

Thus  would  history  be  verified, 
and  art  [resuscitated  with  the  mean- 
ing and  beauty  of  their  origin.  The 
utilisation  of  the  Roman  Court  as 
described,  is  an  example  for  others 
indicated  upon  the  Ground  Plan. 

The  Greek  Court  should  en- 
close an  Agora,  according  to  Vitru- 
vius,  with  its  double  colonnades,  its 
Curia  (Senate  House),  Basilica,  al- 
tars, and  statues.  Its  Doric  style 
would  be  in  harmonious  effect  with 
the  surmounting  Parthenon  and  its 
Roman  modification  in  the  opposite 
Court. 


70 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF   HISTORY  AND  ART. 


Such  surroundings  would  be  an  inspiration  to  archaeological  and  classic  research,  and  stimu- 
late zeal  for  American  participation  in  present  Greek  explorations,  which  are  yielding  splendid 
results.* 

The  wonderful  Mausoleum  of  Halicarnassus  (page  49)  may  yet  reappear  as  a  monument 
to  an  American  Mausolus — Croesus.  The  Caryatides  of  the  Erechtheum  ;  indeed,  the  triple 
temples  that  composed  that  structure,  illustrating  the  freedom  and  picturesqueness  with  which 
the  Greeks  applied  their  exact  and  stately  architecture,  should  be  added  entire. 

The  Moorish  Court  (Fig.  94),  should  contain,  as  represented,  a  fraction  of  the  Mosque 

of  Cordova;  the  Court  of  the  Lions,  from  the 
Alhambra,  with  the  Puerto  del  Sol  (Gate  of 
the  Sun),  at  Toledo,  for  its  entrance.  (See 
pages  34,  69.) 

It  is  proposed  that  the  angle  towers  (Fig. 
36)  at  the  boundaries  of  the  Courts,  which  by 
the  scale  will  be  about  75  feet  square,  shall 
contain  casts  or  reconstructions  of  famous 
monuments  or  fragments  of  the  richest  con- 
structions of  the  adjacent  styles.  Thus  the 
wonderfully  rich  piers  of  Burgos  Cathedral 
(Fig.  99),  the  Gothic  Portal  of  Beauvais  (Fig. 
67),  and  the  Norman  Gate  at  Bristol  (Fig. 
112),  would  make  superb  terminals  for  vistas 
of  the  galleries. 

The  Mediaeval  and  Renaissance 
Courts  will  inherit  an  embarrassment  of 
riches  from  the  monuments,  dwellings  and 
relics  remaining  unharmed  by  time  or  human 
despoilers. 

The  abundance  of  superb  material  is  a  perplexity  of  choice.  That  the  illustrations  of  these 
eras  may  be  apart  and  continuous,  they  are  placed  throughout  the  next  division  of  the  subject. 

In  the  Castle  from  the  Rhine  (Fig.  98),  which  we  have  placed  upon  the  banks  of  the 
Potomac,  there  must  be  the  Baronial  Hall  (see  illustrations  of  the  time  of  Francis  First),  which 
should  contain  the  actualities  of  interiors  portrayed  on  pages  76,  ']'],  and  78.  The  Gate  of 
St.  Bernard,  with  its  conical  tourelles,  should  be  entered  across  its  moat  under  a  port- 
cullis. 

Fragmentary  illustrations  of  ancient  art  are  of  the  highest  importance  in  suggestion  of 
forms  to  students,  and  in  aid  of  architectural  design  ;  but  they  tell  no  story,  suggest  no  idea,  give 
substance  to  no  imagination,  or  reality  to  any  description  of  the  history  or  purpose  of  the  struc- 
tures from  which  they  are  detached. 


No.  08. — MEDI/EVAL   CASTLE    OF   RHEINSTEIN    FOR   THE  SOUTHERN  ANCLE  OF 
LINE  OF  GALLERY  ON  THE  POTOMAC.       R. 


•  See  first  vol.  of  "Antike  Denkmaler."  Berlin  :  63  plates. 


REPRODUCTIONS   FOR   GOTHIC   COURT. 


71 


It  is  entirely  practicable  to  effect  thorough  representation  of  the  environment  of  historic 
personages  and  incidents,  so  that  the  force  of  those  characters  and  the  consequences  of  those 
occurrences  shall  be  vividly  imprinted  upon  the  observer. 

In  such  precise  faithfulness  and  for  such  intellectual  results,  there  should  be  re-created 
from  time  to  time  actualities,  exterior 
and  interior  of  monuments,  houses, 
rooms,  etc.,  associated  with  events  that 
were  greatly  consequential  to  the  hu- 
man race.  The  field  is  the  wide  range 
of  historic  association  ;  but  those  of  pre- 
eminent importance,  of  which  the  orig- 
inal relics  remain  as  patterns,  are  not 
very  numerous. 

There  might  be  reconstructed  after 
the  originals — 

1.  Luther's  Home  in  the  Castle  on 
the  Heights  of  the  Wartburg,  his  Pat- 
mos,  where  he  was  concealed  for  years 
as  the  Knight  George. 

2.  i  ne  xlall  01  the  (jirondms,  and  No.  ^c). — piers  in  burgos  cathedral,  such  reproductions  should  fill  the  angle 
,,              ,,        .-..        A.'  •  1  towers,   75  feet  by  75  feet,  making  superb  termination  of  the  vistas 

the   cell   ot    Mane   Antoinette   m   the  thrpugh  the  galleries,    r. 

round  towers  of  the  Conciergerie. 

3.  The  cell  of  Savonarola. 

4.  The  chamber  of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  as  left  in  Holyrood  Castle. 

5.  The  House  of  Peter  the  Great,  at  Saardam,  in  Holland,  where  he  wrought  at  shipbuilding. 

6.  The  House  of  Shakespeare. 

7.  The  House  of  Mozart. 

8.  The  House  of  Michael  Angelo. 

9.  The  House  of  Melancthon. 

10.  Rooms  in  London  Tower. 

11.  The  Room  of  Philip  II,  in  the  Escurial. 

12.  The  Mamertine  Prison  at  Rome,  etc.,  etc.,  etc. 

The  buildings  identified  with  the  personages  would  receive  the  special  illustrations  of  their 
history  and  deeds.  Herein  would  be  a  splendid  and  exhaustless  field  for  future  individual  liber- 
ality, wherein  the  wealthy  and  cultured  could  rear  their  monuments  of  personal  interest  and 
bequests  of  materialized  knowledge  to  posterity. 

Let  it  be  remembered  that  the  outlay  and  construction  herein  described  have  been  repeatedly 
equalled  at  late  world's  expositions. 

The  Ground  Plan  assigns  celebrated  buildings,  St.  Sophia,  Byzantine  ;  San  Salute, 
Renaissance,  etc.,  to  their  respective  courts.  The  buildings  that  will  be  demanded  for  the 
lecture  halls,  competitive  exhibitions,  etc.,  may  as  well  be  in  typical  as  imaginary  forms. 


72 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY  OF   HISTORY   AND   ART. 


It  is  hardly  necessary  to  explain  that  the  plan  proposed  is  simply  suggestive — illustrative  of 

the  wide  scope  of  illustration — not  the 
fixed  details  or  objects.  These  would  be 
controlled  by  various  considerations,  the 
grade  and  contour  of  ground,  etc.,  etc. 
But  the  system  described^  of  Courts^  for 
the  great  divisions  of  history  to  contain 
their  respective  architectural  styles  or  re- 
mains,  is  advocated  strongly  as  far  in  ad- 
vance for  instruction  and  entertainment 
all  exhibits  yet  devised. 

For  the  Indian  Court  : 
The  elaborateness  of  East  India 
temples  (Figs.  39,  68,  69,  71,  72,  73,  74) 
would  forbid,  probably,  their  reproduc- 
tion in  full  detail.  Upon  a  reduced  scale, 
sections  of  such  structures  could  be  re- 
peated that  would  convey  all  information 
revealed  by  the  entire  structures.     Ori- 


^^'^^--^- 


mk 


No.    100. — ASSYRIAN  INTERIOR.       A  THRONE  ROOM.       R. 

ental  architecture  had  not  the  expression  of  the  classic ; 
nor  the  perfection  of  form,  which  is  the  consummation 
of  beauty.  Its  marvelous  handiwork  is  the  result 
mainly  of  continuous  labor  still  miserably  paid,  so  that 
with  the  present  facilities  of  intercourse,  rich  and  ex- 
tensive fragmentary  specimens  could  be  commanded. 

The  Gothic  Court  should  reproduce  cloisters  in 
beauty  and  variety.  The  Campo  Santo,  of  Pisa,  the 
window  of  Melrose  Abbey,  etc.,  etc.,  could  enhance  the 
verdure  enclosed  with  exquisite  effect. 

In  a  review  of  the  fragmentary  remains  of  the  ancient 
world  for  these  imaginary  reconstructions,  I  have  found 
none  that  might  be  undertaken  with  greater  zest  and 
confidence  of  success  than  the  Assyrian. 

The  exterior  (Fig.  loi),  and  the  interior  of  an  Assy- 
rian Throne-Room  (Fig.  100),  would  be  imposing  sub- 
jects. "  The  Assyrian  architecture,"  says  Fergusson, 
"  was  palatial,  while  that  of  the  Greeks  was  templar. 
It  was  gay  with  color,  and  of  such  dazzling  magnifi- 
cence that  the  inhabitants  of  Athens  were  led  into 
hyperbole  in  records  of  its  splendor.  Remains  have 
now  been  recovered  to  such  an  extent  as  enables  us  to 


No.   101. — EXTERIOR  OF  AN  ASSYRIAN  PALACE. 


ASSYRIAN  REPRODUCTIONS. 


73 


restore  their  buildings  almost  as  certainly  as  we  can  those  of  the  temples  of  Greece  and  Rome 
or  any  of  the  great  nations  of  antiquity." 

The  huge  sculptures  exhumed  by  Layard  and  Botta  and  brought  at  enormous  cost  to  the 
British  Museum   are  cheaply  available  by  its  liberality.     Sixty  slabs,  reproductions,  measuring 
seven  feet  in  length  on  an  average,  that  would  cover  an  area  300  feet  long  by  6  feet  high,  are 
offered  in  the  catalogue  of 
Brucciani  for  ;!^3o8,  costing, 
probably,    in    Washington, 
$3,000.       Their    interest 
would  be  vastly  enhanced  if 
surrounding  the  grand  hall 
depicted,  crested  with  the 
giraffa    or  an    architectural 
symbol  of  flame   (descended 
through  the  ages    of  fi  r  e  - 
worship)   and   covered  with 
its  roof  of  cedar. 

In  our  imaginary  repro- 
ductions thus  far,  examples 
o  f  Egyptian  architecture, 
the  earliest  and  most  sublime  '^°-  ioj.-propyl/hum-pylons. 

works  of  man,  are  unapproached.  Their  vastness  of  scale  would  conflict  with  the  moderate 
classic  elevations  of  the  Historical  Galleries,  and  therefore  no  area  can  be  assigned  to  them 
within  the  Courts. 

Fortunately,  on  the  reclaimed  marshes,  joining  the  desired  site  for  the  Gallery,  there  is  an 
appropriate  site  and  a  superb  opportunity  for  these  colossal  monuments. 

Substituting  the  Potomac  for  the  Nile  we  would  rear  upon  its  banks  an  Egyptian  Propy- 
L^UM  flanked  by  Pylons.  (See  Fig.  102.)  These  should  be  approached  by  an'AvENUE  OF 
Sphinxes  from  the  base  of  the  Washington  Monument.  Its  exit  through  the  gateway  upon  the 
river  would  be  a  magnificent  entrance  to  the  proposed  ornamental  bridge  to  the  Arlington  shore. 
This  conception  can  be  powerfully  and  cheaply  realized  in  concrete.  The  columns  and  pylons 
would  be  hollow.  The  latter,  having  a  sunken  glass  roof,  could  be  fitted  in  its  interior  as  a 
gallery  of  Egyptian  illustration. 

The  sphinxes  can  also  be  readily  reproduced. 

This  design  probably  embodies  the  most  sublime  architectural  effect  possible  to  be  created  at 
the  base  of  the  Washington  obelisk ;  in  itself  a  pure  Egyptian  form  that  would  make  a  fitting 
and  harmonious  terminal  opposite  the  Propylaeum. 

The  Egyptians  built,  not  for  exquisite  detail  but  for  duration. 

They  understood  better  than  any  other  nation  how  to  make  their  colossi  and  avenues  of  sphinxes  group  them- 
selves into  parts  of  one  grand  design.  With  the  most  brilliant  coloring  they  thus  harmonized  sculpture,  painting,  and 
architecture  into  one  great  whole,  unsurpassed  by  anything  the  world  has  seen  during  the  thirty  centuries  of  struggle 
and  aspiration  that  have  elapsed  since  the  brilliant  days  of  the  great  kingdom  of  the  Pharaohs. 


74 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY   AND   ART. 


No.    103. — THE    SPHINXES    OF   WADl    SEBUA. 


We    have   borrowed  their  commemorative  form,  the  obelisk,  "  simple,  erect,  sublime,"  for  a 

memorial  to  the  Father  of  our 
Country.  At  its  base  may  be  ef- 
fectively and  appropriately  added 
their  material  expression  of  dura- 
tion— the  sphinx — placidly  immo- 
bile as  the  Olympian  God ;  dream- 
ingly  observant  of  its  own  exist- 
ence, passing  onward  through 
30  centuries,  but  as  a  mote  upon 
the  current  of  an  eternity  "  without 
beginning  of  days  or  end  of  years." 
Imagination  may  picture 
glowingly  to  the  eye  of  the  mind 
this  vast  pile,  darkening  by  its 
stately  mass  the  setting  sun,  whose 
rays  gleam  upon  the  rippling  river 
through  the  majestic  portals,  while 

Eastward,  they  "  linger  and  play  upon  the  summit  "  that  inspires  faith  in  a  long  future  for  the 

work  of  Washington. 

Midway  on  the  line  of  the  Avenue  of  Sphinxes  should  open,  at  right  angles,  an  approach 

to  the    Propylon    and    Court 

of  the   Temple    of  Medinet- 

Habou,    Thebes    (Fig.    104). 

Front  of  the  Propylon  should 

be  placed  the  two  Colossi  of 

Rhamses    the    Great,    which 

were  reproduced  full  size  in 

the    Crystal   Palace   in    1851. 

The  Propylon  is  seen  on  the 

right  of  the  picture.     It  is  107 

feet   wide.      The    Caryatides 

on  the  rear  wall  are  26  feet  4 

inches  in  height,  the  base  2 

feet  3  inches,  the  entablature 

8  feet  9  inches,  making  the 

height  of  the  structure  37  feet 

6  inches.     All  this  could  read- 
ily be  done,    true  in  color, 

exact  in  relief,  indestructibly 

and  cheaply,  in  concrete, 


No.    104. — EGYPTIAN    TEMPLE    OF    MEDINET.       R.  IN  PART. 


EGYPTIAN  REPRODUCTIONS   ON  THE   LOWLANDS   OF  THE   POTOMAC. 


75 


On  the  opposite  side  of  the  Avenue  should  open  an  approach  to  a  topographical  recon- 
struction of  the  three  great  pyramids  of  Gizeh,  on  a  scale  of  dignity,  but  altogether  subsidiary 
to  the  effect  of  the  Washington  obelisk. 

There  could  not  be  devised,  I  believe,  a  more  impressive  and  ornamental  use  of  the 
uninteresting  flats  recovered  from  the  Potomac,  than  the  elevation  thereupon  of  the  simple, 
but  exquisite,  upward  lines  of  the  pyramids;  those  "  mighty  royal  tombs;"  "  eternal  dwell- 
ings of  the  dead ; "  "  the  oldest,  largest,  and  most  mysterious  of  all  the  monuments  of  man's 
art  now  existing." 

The  models  would  be  hollow,  to  save  needless  material.  By  electric  light,  this  interior 
space  could  be  thoroughly  utilized.  In  one,  the  King's  Chamber  (34  feet  3  inches  by  17  feet 
I  inch)  and  passage  thereto  should  be  accurately  illustrated,  with  their  walls  and  roofs  of 
splendid  slabs  of  polished  granite,  but  this  would  not  at  all  necessitate  a  solid  construction  of 
the  remaining  mass. 

One  pyramid  should  show  the  exterior  surface  in  its  pristine  beauty,  reveled  with  polished 
stones;  the  others  in  their  present 
spoliated  condition,  with  courses  of 
steps.  In  concrete,  the  exact  pro- 
portion of  the  enormous  blocks  in 
the  pyramids,  and  the  vast  blocks 
which  formed  the  avenue  of  ap- 
proach exciting  the  wonder  of 
Herodotus,  could  be  precisely  du- 
plicated. Near  by  the  model  of 
the  Pyramid  of  Cheops*  should 
be  cast  a  full  model  (hollow)  in 
concrete,  of  the  largest  quarried 
stone  in  the  world,  at  Baalbec,  71 
feet  long   by    14   feet   high    by   13  No.  lo^;.— pyramids  of  gizeh. 

feet  wide.  Among  these  objects,  and  fringing  the  banks  of  the  Potomac,  should  wave  masses 
of  the  reedy  lotus  with  its  superb  lilies.  The  plantation  of  Mr.  Sturtevant  at  Bordentown,  N.  J., 
should  be  repeated,  with  appropriate  surroundings. 

Does  this  seem  chimerical  ?  On  the  contrary,  let  it  be  remembered  that  the  cubical  con- 
tents required  for  an  imposing  scale  has  many  a  time  been  buried  in  concrete  and  forgotten 
beneath  fortifications,  the  Bartholdi  Statue,  etc.,  etc.  Precisely  this  method  of  illustration  in 
more  complex  forms  has  been  applied  to  geological  illustrations  in  the  grounds  of  Sydenham 
Palace,  reproducing  the  scenery  of  ante-Silurian  ages,  with  mammoth  forms  of  animal  life. 

In  Rome  we  visit  the  Pyramid  of  Caius  Cestius,  the  tomb  of  a  tribune  of  the  people,  built, 
according  to  its  record,  in  330  days.  It  is  116  feet  high,  98  feet  square  at  base,  faced  with  mar- 
ble. The  cost  of  this  tomb  of  an  individual  to-day,  would  be  more  than  that  of  the  three  effect- 
ive models  of  the  Pyramids  of  Gizeh  above  described,  of  larger  dimensions  in  concrete. 


♦The  largest  was  760  feet  square,  484  feet  high,  covering  more  than  13  acres,  twice  the  area  of  St.  Peter's. 


The  Administration  of  the  National  Gallery  :    Its  Methods  and  Facilities  for  the 

Dissemination  of  Knowledge. 


The  only  freedom  worth  possessing  is  that  which  gives  enlargement  to  a  people's  energy,  intellect,  and  virtues. 
The  savage  boasts  of  his  freedom ;  but  what  is  it  worth.? — Channing. 


AS  ultimately  to  constitute  one  of  the  most  extensive  and  useful  departments  under  govern- 
mental control,  the  direction  of  the  National  Gallery  should  be  secured  forever  to  a 
Regency  corresponding  to  that  of  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Its  "  establishment  "  consists  of 
the  President  and  Vice-President  of  the  United  States,  the  members  of  the  Cabinet,  the  Chief 
Justice  of  the  United  States,  an  official  of  Washington,  and  "  honorary  members,  as  they  may 
elect."  The  third  section  names  the  officials  and  designates  the  sections  of  the  country  from 
which  the  Regents  shall  be  chosen.  For  the  National  Gallery  the  latter  class  should  include 
Presidents  of  Universities  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  the  Chancellor  of  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
tution, and  other  prominent  educators  from  the  States. 

EJC^IUf  In  supposition  that  the  Galleries  have  been  provided,  and  that  they  have  received  sufficient 
material  for  the  commencement  of  its  activities,  we  will  anticipate  its  beneficent  and  expansive 
results. 

First. — Lectures  :    There  would  be  employment  for  a  staff  of  able  professors  in  history^  art, 

and  archcBology. 
Intelligent  students  of  the  silent  relics 
and  restorations  from  the  past,  to  interpret 
the  lessons  they  reveal,  to  unite  facts  in  the 
chain  of  evidence,  to  explain  the  wide  scope 
of  their  revelations  ;  —  would  be  demanded. 
Therefore  the  plan  provides  lecture  halls  for 
each  section  of  historical  material. 

Our  country  may  find  some  compensation 
for  its  long  and  utter  deprivation  of  such 
facilities,  in  its  opportunity  to  begin  with  all 
the  appliances  which  experience  has  proved  to 
be  expedient.  No  foreign  institution  covering 
the  whole  field  of  exhibits  has  any  such  pro- 
vision for  their  public  and  scholarly  elucida- 
tion. When  the  Institute  is  organized  lec- 
tures upon  the  various  historical  courts  should 
be  delivered  constantly  throughout  the  year ; 
so  that  excursionists  from  the  entire  country 
could  always  find  instructors  at  their  posts. 
In  1882  Mr,  Edward  A.  Bond,  Principal 


No.    100. — TOWN    HALL,    ANTWKh 


Librarian  of  the  British  Museum,  reported  as  follows 


Note.— Through  this  paper  are  inserted  illustrations  of  appropriate  objects  and  structures  for  reproductions,  and  interesting 
subjects  for  historical  paintings  of  the  Mediaval  and  Renaissance  periods. 


LEcTUftES. 


77 


Educational  Uses  of  the  Museum. — In  concluding  this  general  review  of  the  gradual  formation  of  the  different 
collections,  it  may  be  held  excusable  to  point  out  that  they  are  exhibited  not  as  mere  objects  of  curiosity  or  of  passing 

interest,  but  as  means  of  direct  instruction  -      -• ■    -  -  -  --       ,, 

in  art,  archaeology,  and  natural  science. 
It  would  seem,  however,  that  this  truth  is 
far  from  being  recognized.  As  yet,  but 
few  are  the  occasions  when  a  lecture  or  a 
demonstration  is  offered  to  a  school  or 
class  brought  to  a  particular  gallery  for 
instruction. 

If  lessons  could  be  given  to  students 
from  the  visible  objects  and  specimens  ex- 
hibited in  the  Museum,  it  cannot  be 
doubted  that  a  more  living  interest  in  the 
sciences  they  illustrate  would  be  awakened, 
than  can  be  excited  by  the  more  usual 
modes  of  teaching  from  the  book. 

Until  this  metiiod  is  generally  fol- 
lowed it  cannot  be  said  that  the  British 
Museum  or  other  kindred  institutions  are 
properl)'  appreciated,  or  made  to  assist  as 
they  ought  the  progress  of  education. 


R. 


No.    107. — SALON,    HONTAINEBLtAU. 

In  1888  the  Librarian  enforced  the  importance  of  Lectures  thus:  *  *  *  "  The  Trustees  have  not  the  power  to 
institute  a  system  of  teaching  from  the  collections  further  than  by  means  of  printed  catalogues  and  guides.  A  few  very 
valuable  lectures  have  of  late  been  given  on  Antiquities,  •  »  •  and  it  may  be  hoped  that  increased  attention  to 
the  study  will  lead  to  an  extension  of  this  method  of  utilizing  the  collections." 

It  would  be  difficult  to  write  more  appositely  in  commendation  of  the  scheme  herein  set  forth. 

Unhappily  for  the  Librarian's   recommendation   at  home,  the  cold,  crowded  halls  of  the 

British  Museum  are  insufficient 
for  the  material  they  have  to  ex- 
hibit. The  sentence  previous  to 
the  above  extracts  deplores  the 
crowded  state  of  "  the  basement  " 
"  from  want  of  exhibiting  space," 
where  are  "stored,  rather  than 
exhibited,  very  interesting  monu- 
ments of  antiquity  —  Roman  sep- 
ulchres, Greek  inscriptions,  etc., 
etc."  There  can  be  no  accom- 
modation for  lectures  in  connec- 
tion with  the  present  exhibition 
halls. 

The  following  is  an  announce- 
ment of  Lectures  at  South  Ken- 
sington : 


No.    108. — CHAMBER    AT    AlZREY. 


7a 


A    NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY   AND   ART. 


A  course  of  twelve  lectures  on  anatomy  as  applicable  to  tiie  arts  is  given  in  each  term.  The  Spring  course  may 
be  attended  by  ladies.  Fee  for  the  course,  6s.  ;  for  a  single  lecture,  is.  A  course  of  forty  lectures  on  the  "  Historical 
Development  of  Ornamental  Art"  is  given  each  year.  The  public  is  admitted  on  payment  of  J'^s.  for  the  complete 
annual  course  ;  lo.?.  for  the  course  of  twenty  lectures  each  term  ;  or  is.  each  lecture.  Other  lectures  will  be  delivered 
occasionally  and  duly  announced. 

Application  for  admission,  prospectuses,  or  other  information  should  be  made  at  the  schools. 

There  is  an  annual  examination  for  prizes  in  all  schools  of  art,  and  a  national  competition. 

Second. — Publications  :  Illustrated.,  instructive . 

The  Gallery,  as  it  practically  develops  into  an  Institute  of  Illustration,  will  publish  hand- 
books, critical  and  explanatory 
of  each  department,  like  those 
of  the  Kensington  Museum  on 
Spanish  art,  Persian  art,  on  Fur- 
niture, etc.,  etc. 

The  following  is  an  entry 
in  the  Guide  to  the  South  Ken- 
sington Museum  on  the  copious 
list  of  its  publications  : 

Handbooks. — Handbooks  of  Indus- 
trial Art,  edited  by  William  Maskell, 
M.  A.  Textile  fabrics,  ivories,  majol- 
ica,  furniture,  musical  instruments, 
bronzes,  glass,  gold-  and  silversmiths' 
work.  With  numerous  illustrations. 
Compiled  from  the  introductions  to  the 

No.  lOQ.— OALLEKY  OF  FRANCIS  FIRST,  FONTAiNEBLEAu.     R.  larger  works  ou  thc  samc  subjYcts  uamcd 

above.     \s.  each  ;  in  cloth,  is.  6d. 

This  is  a  specimen  announce- 
ment of  a  list  of  sixt}'  publications 
"  for  sale  at  the  Catalogue  stall." 
Other  titles  are,  "  The  Trojan 
Column  as  reproduced  in  the  Mu- 
seum," "Fictile  Ivories,"' "  Monu- 
ments of  Early  Christian  Art," 
"  Manual  of  Design,"  etc.,  etc. 

All  the  material  thus  made 
available  to  the  people  could  be 
quickly  supplied  from  our  National 
Gallery;  and,  moreover,  the  novel 
expedients  above  provided  will 
supply  matter  more  attractive  for 
such  publications  than  any  exist- 
ing institution,  viz. :  the  full  repro- 
ductions of  buildings  and  contents  No.  i  io.-chamber  of  mar.e  de  medicis.    r. 


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proposed,  and  the  consecutive  series  of  historical  pictures. 


PUBLICATIONS— DISTRIBUTION  OF  REPRODUCTIONS. 


79 


Each  restoration  of  an  ancient  or  modern  building  would  demand  its  illustrated  catalogue 
like  that  of  The  Pompeia,  of  which  75,000  have  been  circulated  in  a  year,  and  which  is  now  called 
for  as  a  text-book  in  colleges. 

What  more  effective  historical  lessons  can  be  suggested  than  a  book  with  photogravures 
of  the  102  illustrations  of  Roman  History,  by  Pinelli,  each 
with  sufficient  text  to  explain  its  meaning;  and  these  re- 
presentations imprinted  on  the  memory  from  paintings,  with 
the  characters  to  life  in  size  and  with  their  original  acces- 
sories ? 

These  text-books,  catalogues,  and  all  essays,  treatises, 
etc.,  emanating  from  the  professors  of  the  institute  would 
be  sold  at  the  lowest  minimum  of  cost  for  widest  possible 
circulation. 

Photographs  in  like  manner  would  be  for  sale  of  all 
interesting  objects,  as  in  the  museums  of  Europe.  These 
would  furnish  to  all  minor  collections  fac  shniles  of  the 
objects  in  the  National  Gallery  to  the  extent  of  their  finan- 
cial resources.  Incidentally,  publications  and  photographs 
would  supply  exchanges  with  other  institutions  upon  the 
plan  advocated  by  Monsieur  Vattemare  a  generation  ago. 

The  King  of  the  Belgians  commanded  an  historical 
painting  of  great  value,  upon  an  incident  of  national  history, 
and  the  engraving  of  it  in  best  execution  ;  then  impressions 
were  sold  at  a  nominal  price,  that  lowly  homes  of  his  sub- 
jects could  be  adorned  with  a  work  elevating  in  influence 
toward  patriotism  and  culture. 

In  like  manner  from  the  National  Capital  there  may 
issue  to  distant  hamlets  portrayals  of  the  national  history,  impressing  the  youth  of  the  nation 
with  its  crises  and  triumphs,  from  Washington  at  Trenton  to  Lincoln  at  Gettysburg. 

This  suggestion  of  publications  for  other  institutions  indicates  another  result  of  the  greatest 
importance  to  the  entire  country,  viz. : 

Third. — Reproductions  of  all  objects  practicuble  by  casts,  electrotypes,  etc.,  etc. 

The  facilities  offered  by  foreign  institutions  for  the  distribution  of  counterparts  of  their  objects 
have  been  already  recited.  Our  country  is  to  this  date  entirely  dependent  upon  them.  The  art 
museums  of  our  cities  and  colleges,  trifling  as  are  the  largest  of  them  in  comparison  with  the  material 
available,  are  all  now  dependent  upon  foreign  importations  at  excessive  extra  expense.  Why  should 
this  continue  ?  Why  should  not  our  Government  establish  its  central  depository  of  models  from 
which  should  be  supplied  to  all  applicants  replica  at  minimum  cost? 

The  plan  of  the  National  Gallery  provides  for  basement  shops  beneath  all  the  halls  for  such 
purposes.  The  plastic  establishments  for  casts,  potteries  and  kilns  for  terra  cottas,  laboratories 
for  electrotypes,  etc.,  etc,  mentioned  as  to  be  provided,  should  cheapen  to  the  utmost  art  products 


No.  III. 


COURT    IN    THE    PALACE     OF    THE     INFANTA, 
ZARAGOSSA,   SPAIN.       R. 


8o 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF    HISTORY  AND   ART. 


for  the  nation.  At  this  writing  I  read  of  a  visit  of  Directors  of  the  New  York  Museum  to  the 
Slater  Museum  for  examination  of  an  importation  by  the  latter,  in  view  of  an  expenditure  of 
50,000  dollars  for  casts. 

Considering  their  cheapness  the  nation  should  at  once  supply  all  that  are  desirable  to  itself  at 

its  Capital,  and  then  establish  facilities  by 
which  communities  throughout  the  land  may 
have  the  choice  of  all  for  their  use  at  the 
least  expense. 

An  illustration  of  the  zeal  with  which 
the  British  Government  seeks  its  antiquarian 
materials  is  a  published  "  minute  "  of  corre- 
spondence of  Earl  Granville,  1864,  of  the 
Com.  of  Council  on  Education,  with  the  Sec- 
retary of  State  for  Foreign  Affairs,  soliciting 
his  oihcial  aid  through  Her  Majesty's  repre- 
sentatives at  Dresden,  Paris,  Rome,  etc.,  in 
procuring  information  as  to  objects  of  fine  art 
or  art  workmanship,  that  copies  may  be  ob- 
tained. The  vigor  of  the  search  which  was 
"  instructed  "  b3'^  Lord  John  Russell  is  indi- 
cated by  this  schedule : 

A,  The  private  collections  of  the  Sover- 
eign and  in  Royal  Palaces. 

B.  The  state  or  public  collections. 

C.  The  collections  of  the  church,  in  the  treasuries  of  cathedrals,  churches,  monasteries,  etc. 

D.  The  collections  of  towns,  guilds,  municipalities,  in  their  halls. 

E.  Well-known  collections  of  private  individuals  which  are  heirlooms  of  permanent  collections. 
In  the  report  of  the  Kensington  Museum  of  1864  it  is  stated  "  Arrangements  now  exist  by 

which  every  object  of  the  art  collections  may  be  copied  by  some  one  of  the  many  processes." 

The  United  States  cannot  claim  equality  in  intellectual  enterprise  with  the  European  powers 
until  they  enter  the  competition  for  its  rewards. 

Fourth. —  The  Institute  would  maintain  an  efficient  Bureau  of  Information  and  Correspondence. 
This  department  would  not  only  facilitate  the  examination  of  the  collections,  but  it  would 
answer  inquiries  and  obtain  models  or  drawings,  as  desired,  of  other  relevant  objects.  It  would 
investigate  for  parties  at  a  distance  by  its  indexed  catalogue  of  engravings  above  proposed^  illustra- 
tions in  the  lines  of  their  designs  or  investigations,  besides  the  catalogues  of  specimens  held  by 
the  Gallery  ;  returning  descriptions  thereof,  or  photographs  if  desired. 

Those  who  have  had  the  tedious  and  unsatisfactory  experience  of  a  search  in  the  large  libra- 
ries of  our  cities  and  colleges  for  art  illustrations  of  a  special  theme  will  appreciate  the  superlative 
usefulness  of  such  collateral  aid.     If  the  duplicates  or  photographs  of  foreign  collections  are  largely 


No    I  12. — NORMAN  GATE,    COLLEGE  GREEN,  BRISTOL,  ENGLAND." 


R. 


,,.^iiMgav>Wiitb''^tW.^mti|<>jiiiij^iw  iiuM|ijP.iw  .L  ;ji-i. 


DISTRIBUTIONS   OF  REPRODUCTIONS— PATRONAGE   OF  ART.  8l 

obtained,  and  thoroughly  indexed,  as  is  essential  to  their  use,  this  Bureau  of  Information  would  be 
easily  organized ;  and  it  would  be  a  help  to  scholarly  and  artistic  labors  unequalled  of  its  kind. 

The  liberal  system  of  the  Boston  Public  Library 
in  these  regards  is,  in  many  details,  a  model  for  all 
literary  institutions. 

It  issues  not  only  catalogues,  but  bulletins  upon 
various  subjects  as  guides  to  readers  and  investi- 
gators. 

It  employs  assistants  to  answer  literary  inquiries, 
either  in  person  or  by  correspondence.  It  invites  re- 
quests for  the  purchase  of  books — new,  rare,  or  for 
special  use.  It  maintains  its  agents  in  Europe  to 
answer  requisitions.  The  poor  student  may  apply 
for  foreign  volumes  upon  his  special  topic,  and  upon 
their  receipt  a  notification  will  be  sent  to  him.  It 
places  its  catalogues  and  an  express  service  at  branch 
ofiices  for  the  few  leisure  hours  of  the  mechanic. 
Above  all,  it  trusts  the  people.  From  its  beginning, 
despite  predictions  of  robbery  and  damage,  it  has 
loaned  its  books  to  them  in  their  homes.  For  thirty 
years  they  have  demonstrated  their  integrity ;  the 
annual  loss  and  injury  having  been  trifling.     Its  staff  no.  ii3.-german  cloth,  hall  brunswick.    r. 

numbers    nearly   one  hundred    and    fifty  persons ;    its    annual    expense  is  something  over  one 
hundred  thousand  dollars.     No  tax  upon  the  citizens  is  more  cheerfully  accepted. 

These  details  are  appropriate  to  the  prospectus  here  discussed.  By  similar  methods  the  In- 
stitute should  spread  forth  its  facilities  and  multiply  its  benefits.  It  should  be  the  servant, 
diligent  and  painstaking,  of  the  most  distant  American  citizen. 

Fifth. — Grandly  beneficent  and  stimulating  to  the  culture  of  the  nation  would  be  the  patronage 
of  art  by  the  National  Gallery. 

This  would  result  first  by  its  orders  for  the  series  of  historical  paintings  described.  The 
method  for  their  acquisition  has  already  been  indicated.  It  involves  the  employment  of  preceptors, 
both  of  general  scholarship  and  artistic  manipulation ;  the  one  to  supply  the  data,  the  other  to 
direct  their  acceptable  artistic  representation. 

Naturally  from  this  demand  would  follow  competitions  in  design.  These  should  be  an  annual 
incident  of  the  Institute  of  the  greatest  public  interest.  They  would  necessitate  a  Salon  of  public 
exhibition  of  cartoons  and  an  award  of  prizes.  Art  would  be  consecrated  to  patriotism  ;  its  works 
would  be  diverted  to  heroic  inspirations,  rather  than  as  at  present,  almost  entirely  to  fanciful, 
romantic,  airy,  and  intangible  creations.* 

*I  cut  from  the  issue  of  the  N.  Y.  Times,  of  the  date  of  this  writing  (April  26),  a  report  of  the  exhibits  at  the  next  Salon  : 
"The  list  of  pictures  opens  with  Bougereau's  '  Cupid  in  a  Storm  ;'  '  Love  as  a  child,  shivering  in  the  rain,'  etc.,  etc.    We  must  pity 
him  and  hasten  on  !     We  proceed  to  read  :  Pelouse,   '  The  Morning  Dew;'    Fleury,  '  A  Billet-doux;'    Marquan,    '  A  Siren's  Sleeping- 
place  ;'  '  Birth  of  the  Pearl ;'  and  '  Toilet  of  Ganswinthe.'  " 

Of  58  pictures  recited  but  3  have  any  relation  to  History  or  Knowledge,  viz.,  Lauren's  Visit  of  Louis  XVI  to  the  Hotel  de  Ville, 


82 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY   AND   ART. 


This  comment  would  in  no  wise  disparage  sentiment  and  imagination  in  art.     Delicacy  and 

spirituality  everywhere  environ  us  in  Nature. 

The  zephjT  that  fans  us,  the  sun-rays  and 
clouds,  make  the  glory  and  beauty  of  the  heavens ; 
the  ethereal  world  of  artist  life,  and  of  his  imi- 
tative ambition.  In  the  spiritual  and  poetic 
impulses  of  his  nature,  he  animates  that  airy 
creation  with  angels  and  fairies,  and  would  fain 
bring  them  down  to  earth  and  enliven  haunts  of 
Nature  for  their  Paradise. 

These  are  the  fields  and  the  only  fields 
for  some  artistic  souls,  that  may  well  be  styled 
"  impressionists,"  and  when  they  can  seize  upon 
and  fix  their  visions,  art  is  in  its  most  fascinating 
realm. 

But  there  is  prose  as  well  as  poetry  in  life ; 
there  is  conflict  as  well  as  romance ;  there  is  the 
clash  of  arms  as  well  as  the  sigh  of  the  lover; 
and  for  the  strength  of  the  race,  mental  and  moral, 
art  should  be  somewhat  diverted  from  sentimental 
to  actual  relations. 

Our  country  needs  its  aid  in  reproducing  ac- 
tualities of  its  past  histor}^  that  shall  imprint 
upon  the  national  character  integrity,  patriotism,  and  the  heroic  virtues  upon  which  its  existence 
depends. 

Sixth. — Aid  lo  tnechanical  and  decorative  arts  ivill  be  one  of  the  most  practical  and  valuable 

functions  of  the  Gallery  and  Institute. 
When  as  completely  organized  and  equipped  as  the  South  Kensington  Museum,  the  Ameri- 
can National  Gallery  will  accomplish  for  the  people  of  the  United  States,  the  incalculable  benefits 
of  the  former  to  the  British  nation.     The  mere  recital  of  its  administrative  appliances  will  indicate 
their  scope  and  influence. 

Its  Science  and  Art  Department  issues  its  "  Science  Directory  "  of  instruction  in  twenty-four 
branches. 


No.    114. — GARDEN,    CHATEAU    CAILLON.       R. 


a  painting  30  feet  by  12  feet,  and  Roy's  pictures  of  "  The  Reveille  of  Solferino"  and  "  The  Infantry  of  1835."  The  latter  reveal  a  suc- 
cessor in  subjects  to  Meissonier. 

The  exhibits  of  American  artists  number  54.  The  subjects  are  almost  entirely  fanciful  and  imaginary,  save  a  few  portraits  and 
landscapes.  Mr.  Weeks  exhibits  his  realistic  and  beautiful  Oriental  scenes;  Mr.  Humphrey  Moore,  of  New  York,  a  scene  in  the 
Alhambra,  and  Mr.  Clinton  Peters,  "A  twilight  scene  in  the  streets  of  Paris,  15th  Century."  These  clothe  facts  in  beauty  and  truth, 
and  are  contributions  to  knowledge,  for  which  they  have  this  expression  of  indebtedness. 

In  the  same  issue  it  is  stated  that  the  art-dealer  Gill,  of  Springfield,  Mass.,  has  sold,  from  his  last  collection  of  American  pic- 
tures, 60  canvasses.  The  first  named  is  Warren  Shepard's  "  Kearsarge  and  Alabama,"  for  $1,200.  The  others  named  are  all  fanciful : 
"Snow-Flakes;"  "Coming,"  etc. 

Mr.  Shepard's  patriotic  choice  of  subject  merited  this  appreciative  notice. 


PAtRONACiE   OF  ART. 


83 


It  gives  grants  of  money  in  aid  of  local  efforts  to  establisli  schools. 

It  aids  students  also  by  money  rewards  for  high  attainments. 

It  grants  in  aid  of  new  buildings  for  Schools  of  Science  at  the  rate  of  2s.  6d.  per  square  foot 
of  internal  area,  and  toward  laboratories,  etc.,  etc. 

It  maintains  Elementary  Day-Schools. 

It  instructs  in  Art  at  the  National  Art  Training  School. 

It  aids  local  Art  Classes  by  grants  to  Local  Art  Com- 
mittees. 

Its  Loan  Collections  in  London,  and  Circulating  Mu- 
seums through  the  Kingdom,  previously  cited,  have  stimu- 
lated public  interest  until  now  permanent  galleries  are 
established  in  the  principal  cities. 

The  result  of  its  forty  years  operations  has  been  such 
an  impetus  to  British  decorative  art  and  architecture  that 
the  nation  is  now  the  peer  of  Germany  and  France  in 
many  departments  in  which,  previously,  it  was  an  inferior. 

European  nations,  not  content  with  their  accumula- 
tions of  past  centuries,  have  followed  the  example  of  the 
Kensington  Museum.  The  Austrian  Museum  of  Art, 
founded  1863,  and  the  Germanic  Museum,  at  Nuremberg, 
for  promotion  of  German  historical  research,  greatly  en- 
larged since  1865,  are  evidences  of  their  zeal. 

Paris,  in  addition  to  its  famous  galleries,  has  its  Musee 
des  Arts  Decoratifs,  with  corresponding  and  interchanging 
museums  in  the  larger  cities.     Eight  thousand  students 
attend  lectures  in   Paris.     In  the  Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts  there  are  twenty-one  professors  of  the 
highest  rank. 

It  is  unpleasant  to  contrast  with  these  facts  that,  in  these  lines  of  investigation,  our  country 
has  at  its  Capital  attempted  nothing. 

To  the  beneficence  of  an  Englishman  we  are  indebted  for  an  institution  of  which  we  may 
be  proud — the  Smithsonian.  It  has  won  position  for  ability  and  efficiency  equal  to  all  other 
scientific  organizations  of  the  world. 

But  its  labor,  in  its  technical  and  philosophical  nature,  is  in  distinct  demarcation  from  the 
field  designated  for  the  proposed  institution.* 

*  It  covers  the  ethnology,  ornithology,  geology,  etc. ;  the  entire  natural  history  of  our  territory.  It  explores,  analyzes,  and 
reveals  the  mineral  treasures  of  our  land.  It  pursues  with  the  keenest  scientific  observation  the  animalculiE  that  may  infect  the  air, 
the  water,  or  the  products  of  our  country.  It  is  now  crowded  with  material  gathered  in  the  exploration  and  development  of  our  terri- 
tories. 

It  should  have  the  proposed  New  National  Museum  to  receive  collections  that  have  of  late  been  refused ;  and  large  appropri- 
ations of  money  for  its  worthy  uses. 

In  enthusiasm  for  the  purpose  of  its  organization,  its  Regency  will  eagerly  endorse  this  proposed  institution,  as  a  complement 
to  their  own  for  the  "  dissemination  of  knowledge  among  men." 

The  National   Museum  at  Washington  covers  2.35  acres,  and  is  one  of  the  best  structures  in  the  world  for  its  purposes.     The 


84 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  HISTORY  AND  ART. 


Seventh. — Employment  of  a  refined  and  educatwftal  nature  for  men  and  women  would  result 

upon  a,  large  scale  from  the  activities  of  the  Institute. 
At  the  outset,  the  constructions  would  employ  ordinary  and  mechanical  labor. 
In  the  operation  and  expansion  of  its  educational  work,  thousands  would  be  demanded,  in 
various  pursuits :  antiquaries,  curators,  artists,  sculptors,  photographers,  electrotypers,  printers, 

binders,  moulders  in  cement,  plaster,  clay 
and  wax,  attendants,  clerks,  guides,  gar- 
deners, joiners,  watchmen,  pages,  janitors, 
laborers,  etc.,  etc.,  these  for  various  spheres 
to  aid  the  highest  administrative  ability  in 
art  and  scholarship. 

If  the  Boston  Public  Library  employs 
150  persons,  in  stimulating  knowledge 
from  its  one  resource — books — the  material 
herein  pre-supposed  would  demand  thou- 
sands, in  the  care,  increase,  and  utilijiation 
of  its  material,  and  in  efficient  service  of 
its  10,000,000  clients.  Such  a  pay-roll 
would  be  unsurpassed,  in  compensating 
beneficence,  in  the  files  of  the  National 
Treasury.  What  contrast  to  the  oppressive 
and  exhaustive  burdens  upon  European 
nations  for  the  maintenance  of  armies  in 
idleness ! 

It  is  related  that  Louis  XVI  employed 
30,000  soldiers  upon  the  pleasure  parks  of 
his  royal  domain  at  Versailles.  It  is  a  direful  necessity  that  the  nation  must  now  appropriate 
$30,000,000  to  warlike  defences  ;  although  a  satisfaction  that  the  disbursement  gives  employment 
to  artisans,  and  that  war  ships  may  also  continue  to  others  a  support.  What  greater  return 
would  flow  from  an  expenditure  that  maintained  a  proportionate  establishment  for  the  mental 
elevation  of  the  people  I 

accumulations  of  material  for  its  purposes  now  awaiting  space  for  exhibition  demand  a  duplicate  of  the  present  building,  for  which 
plans  are  prepared.  But  to  show  how  completely  distinct  its  useful  fields  of  study  and  illustration  are  from  the  proposed  National 
Gallery,   the   following  statement  is  quoted  from   President   J.  C.  Welling,  LL.  D.,  of    the    Columbian  University,   Washington: 

"  The  National  Museum  has  twenty-two  distinct  scientific  departments  under  its  jurisdiction  :  The  departments  of  comparative 
anatomy,  of  mammals,  of  birds,  of  reptiles,  of  fishes,  of  moUusks,  of  insects,  of  marine  invertebrates,  of  plants,  of  fossil  vertebrates,  of 
paleozoic  fossil  invertebrates,  of  mesozoic  fossil  invertebrates,  of  cenozoic  fossil  invertebrates,  of  fossil  plants,  of  geology  and  petrol- 
ogy, of  mineralogy,  of  metallurgy  and  mining,  of  prehistoric  archceology,  of  ethnology,  of  oriental  antiquities,  of  American  aboriginal 
pottery,  of  arts  and  industries,  comprising  under  these  last-named  heads  numismatics,  graphic  arts,  foods,  textiles,  fisheries,  historical 
relics,  materia  medica,  naval  architecture,  history  of  transportation,  etc.,  etc.,  etc. 

"  Each  of  these  departments  is  placed  under  a  curator,  and  is  provided  with  the  necessary  appliances  for  original  research  ;  and 
these  appliances  are  yearly  increasing  in  completeness  and  efficiency." 


No.    1  It). — GATE  OH  ST.  BERNARD,  FROM  "  PARIS  IN  THE  TIME  OF  FRANCIS  FIRST.'' 
FOR  NORTHERN  ANGLE  ON  THE  POTOMAC.       R. 


Estimated  Cost  of  the'  Galleries-a  Central  and  most  Advantageous  Site  in 

Washington  ;  now  Unimproved  and  Cheaply  Available— 

The  Future  of  Washington. 


In  America,  literature  and  the  elegant  arts  must  grow  up  side  by  side  with  the  coarser  plants  of  daily  necessity. 

■ — Irving. 
Young  America  will  soon  be  what  Athens  was. — Wendell  Phillips. 

The  true  grandeur  of  humanity  is  in   moral  elevation,   sustained,   enlightened,  and  decorated  by  the  intellect 
of  man. — ^Charles  Sumner. 

THE  building  of  the  Casa-Monica  involved  all  the  data  pertaining  to  the  cost  of  concrete 
construction.      That  structure  has  now    stood 
four  years  with  increase    of    solidity  and   enhance- 
ment of  beauty  in  color. 

The   Pompeia   has  supplied   an   example,  in   a 
finer  mixture  of  sand  and  concrete  only,  upon  the 
lines    of  the    Roman    Doric    order ;    precisely    the 
material  and  forms  proposed  in  the  design  herewith 
submitted.* 

The  cost  at  Washington  will  be  considerably  less 
than  at  St.  Augustine  by  the  saving  in  shipment  of 
cement  the  long  distance  to  Florida.     For  sand,  there 
would  be    a    water  transportation  directly  to  a  site 
upon  the  Potomac.     These  are  the  cheapest  possible 
conditions. 

As  authoritative  from  an  architect  of  fifty  years'  No.  1 17.— .talian  palace  (gandagni),  Florence,    r. 

practice,  and  in  the  practical  use  of  beton  (concrete)  in  the  Cathedral  of  New  York,  the  estimated 
cost  of  Mr.  James  Renwick  from  his  above-quoted  letter  is.  appended  : 

With  regard  to  the  cost  of  the  galleries  and  corner  towers,  it  will  of  course  be  dependent  on  the  favorable  or  un- 
favorable position  on  which  the  building  is  located. 

I   have   made  the  following  estimate  for   100  feet  of  the  Gallery  with  a  basement  ten  feet  high  and  foundations 
carried  five  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  ground.     The  galleries  are  thirty-two  feet  high  and  thirty-five  feet  wide,  and 
the  colonnades  twenty-five  feet  high  and  thirteen  feet  broad  each,  and  the  building  is  supposed  to  stand  on  level  ground  : 
The  estimate  is  as  follows  : 
Excavation,  1,700  cubic  yards         ........  .         $800  00 

Concrete  in  whole  building,  48,650  cubic  feet,  at  25  cents,         .  .  .  12,16300 

Models  of  columns,  etc.,  .  .  ........        2,000  00 

Iron  beams,  34,250  pounds,  at  5  cents,         .......  1,80000 

7,600  feet  of  roof  and  skylight,         .  ........        7,600  00 

20  windows  in  basement,  .  .........      500  00 

\  of  corner  towers,  estimated  at,      ........         .        6,000  00 

Heating  by  steam,        ............       500  00 

Total  cost  of  loo  feet  of  Gallery, $315363  00 

This  is  probably  a  safe  estimate  within  7  per  cent. 

Yours  truly, 

(Signed)  James  Renwick. 


*  Addenda  No.  6,  as  to  concrete. 

Note. — Through  this  paper  illustrations  of  various  temples  and  dwellings  of  mankind  are  inserted,  which  are  imagined  grad- 
ually to  find  place  with  others  in  the  Park  ISTORIA,  or  be  modelled  for  the  galleries. 


86 


A   NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY   AND   ART. 


The  item  of  models  in  the  above  estimate  may  be  averaged  over  i,ooo  feet  of  galleries,  but  the 

above  figures  make  the  cost  of  20,000 
feet  range  of  galleries ;  that  is,  all 
upon  the  ground  plan,  angle  towers 
included,  complete,  about  $6,000,000. 
It  is  estimated  that  $4,000,000  ad- 
ditional would  construct  the  Parthe- 
nonic  Temples  and  many  other  histori- 
cal buildings  and  objects. 

One  million  dollars  ($1,000,000) 
will  construct  the  Roman  and  Greek 
Galleries,  and  another  will  richly  sup- 
ply them  with  illustrative  material  of 
the  greatest  educational  value.  Could 
this  specimen  be  accomplished,  public 
interest  would  quickly  demand  the 
entirety. 

Mr.  Conway  quotes  encourage- 
ment for  such  a  beginning.  "I  re- 
marked," he  writes,  "  to  a  gentleman  connected  with  the  Kensington  Museum  at  its  origin,  that 
I  had  heard  various  American  gentlemen  inquiring  whether  such  an  institution  might  not  exist 
in  their  own  country,"  and  he  said :  "  Let  them  plant  the  thing  and  it  can't  help  growing,  and 
most  likely  beyond  their  powers — as  it  has  been  almost  beyond  ours — to  keep  up  with  it." 

It  seems  almost  needless  to  argue  as  to  the  ability  of  the  country  to  command  at  once  the 
entire  work,  and  hasten  to  the  present  generation  its  resultant  benefits. 

It  would  be  less  than  the  cost  of  the  United  States  Capitol,  of  the  Brooklyn  Bridge,  of  the 
State  House  of  New  York,  or  of  the  City  Hall  of  Philadelphia.* 

The  above  estimate,  as  is  seen,  is  for  buildings  only.  The  cost  of  land  can  be  merely 
supposed,  as  it  is  contingent  upon  location. 

When  the  first  paper  in  behalf  of  the  National  Gallery  was  prepared,  it  was  assumed,  in 
ignorance  of  the  contrary,  that  the  institution  must  be  placed  in  the  suburbs  of  Washington. 
It  was  suggested  that  a  land  syndicate  would  give  250  acres  from  a  tract  of,  say,  1,000  acres,  for 


No.     118. — ^JAPANESK    I'AVILION    AND    DWELLINGS.       R. 


•The  Grand  Opera  House,  Paris,  cost  $9,000,000. 

The  Capitol  has  cost  $17,000,000. 

The  new  State,  War  and  Navy  Buildings,  $10,000,000. 

The  new  building  for  the  Congressional  Library  is  to  cost  $6,000,000. 

Chicago  spent  last  year  $59,000,000  on  buildings  that  on  one  side  of  a  street  would  extend  over  fifty  miles.  New  York 
spent  $74,900,812. 

The  combined  expenditure  of  the  United  States  and  foreign  countries  for  the  Columbian  Exposition  is  estimated  at  $40,000,000. 

The  appropriations  of  the  last  Congress  will  amount  to  j5i, 000,000,000  for  two  years. 

The  cost  of  the  ship  of  war,  the  Ohio,  for  one  year  of  service,  was  $220,000;  of  Harvard  College,  $47,935.  In  other  words,  the 
annual  sum  lavished  on  a  single  ship  of  the  line  equals  that  paid  for  four  institutions  like  Harvard  University. — The  True  Grandeur 
of  Na  I  ions,  Stimtier's  Oration,  July  4,  /8jo. 


A  CENTRAL  AND   MOST  ADVANTAGEOUS  SITE   IN   WASHINGTON. 


87 


the  enhancement  in  value  of  the  remainder.     Inquiry  at  Washington  of  owners  of  extensive 
tracts  emphatically  confirmed  the  opinion.* 

This  anticipated  provision  of  land  gratis 
was  stated  in  the  "Brief"  upon  the  National 
Gallery  prepared  for  the  press  at  its  first  pre- 
sentation in  Washington  in  December,  1890. 
It  brought  a  gratifying  surprise  from  Col.  An- 
derson, secretary  of  the  Washington  Board  of 
Trade,  viz  :  that  the  best  possible  site  was  avail- 
able in  the  premises  of  the  National  Observatory 
upon  the  Potomac,  and  the  adjacent  block,  as 
indicated  upon  the  plans  of  Washington.  This 
site  was  described  as  follows,  in  his  argument  be- 
fore the  Senate  Committee  upon  a  World's  Ex- 
position, January  10,  1890: 

One  of  the  most  important  features  is  an  easily  acces- 
sible site,  and  to  illustrate  the  wonderful  advantages  Wash- 
ington has  in  this  respect  over  all  otlier  cities,  I  invite  your  '^°-  '  19— Chinese  dwelling,      interior.    R. 
attention  to  the  accomiianying  diagram  illustrating  the  last-mentioned  site.       (This  was  the  plan,  Fig.  7.) 

The  existing  park  extending  from  the  Capitol 
to  the  Monument  and  Executive  Mansion  contains 
three  hundred  acres.  Over  seven  hundred  more 
acres  will  soon  be  added  by  the  reclamation  of  the 
Potomac  Flats,  and  two  hundred  and  twenty 
more  can  l)c  added  by  using  the  grounds  of  the 
Observatory,  which  is  soon  to  be  removed,  and 
by  cotidemning  the  adjoining  and  comparatively 
unimproved  property  between  F  and  B  streets, 
and  the  State  Department  and  Observatory. 
These  two  hundred  and  twenty  acres  arc  above 
the  Jtood  line,  well  adapted  to  drainage  and  most 
desirable  for  permanent  buildings.  All  stieet- 
car  lines  converge  toward  or  run  parallel  with  it. 
All  steam  lines  from  the  North,  South,  and  West 
enter  it,  except  the  B.  &  O.  R.R.,  and  that  adjoins 
it.  The  Potomac  River  faces  it.  All  of  the  prin- 
cipal hotels  (indicated  upon  the  diagram  by  the 
round  dots)   are  so  near  this  park  that  not  even  a 

No.    120. — CHINESE  DWELLING.       EXTERIOR.       R.  .  .  .  i      i     ^  i      -i  t^    •  -.i    ■        ,^ 

street  car  is  needed  to  reach  it.     It  is  within  five 
minutes'  walk,  not  only  of  these  hotels,  but  of  the  principal  boarding-houses. 

*The  author  is  advised  by  prominent  residents  of  Washington  to  make  the  following  statement,  in  consideration  of  the  specula- 
tive interest  frequently  associated  with  enterprises  affecting  values  of  adjacent  real  estate,  viz  :  That  he  does  not  own  a  foot  of  land 
in^the  city  of  Washington  or  its  neighborhood,  nor  has  he  any  intention  of  such  ownership,  and  that  he  is  not  acquainted  with  the 
proprietor  of  any  land  west  of  the  Treasury  Department.  Fortunately,  the  Observatory  tract,  if  condemned  at  once  by  the  Govern- 
ment, is  beyond  speculative  monopoly,  while  its  boundaries  prevent  any  realization  of  increased  value  except  along  F  street  on  the 
north  ;  all  which  line  is  now  held  by  many  individual  owners  in  homestead.  The  tract  is  bounded  on  the  west  by  the  Potomac  river; 
on  the  east  and  southby  Government  Parks. 


88 


A   NATIONAL  GALLERY   OF   HISTORY  AND  ART. 


Attention  is  invited  to  the  important  fact  that  vessels  can  land  and  unload  their  freights  at  wharves  immediately 
adjoining  the  grounds. 


i 


No.    121. — NORWEGIAN  CHURCH,  HITTERDAL.       I  2TH  CENTURY.      M. 


The  Observatory  occupies,  I  am  told,  about   25  acres  of  this  tract,  which  are  now  being 

vacated.  It  rises  to  96  feet  above  the  Potomac  ;  six 
feet  above  the  level  of  the  floor  of  the  Rotunda 
of  the  Capitol.  From  this  it  slopes  to  the  Potomac 
on  the  west,  and  the  Presidential  grounds  on  the 
east.  Topographically,  the  tract  is  all  that  could  be 
desired  for  a  realization  of  the  design  for  the  Gallery. 
It  is  of  the  highest  importance  that  the  Gallery 
should  be  centrally  located  in  the  National  Metropo- 
lis. Its  attractions  would  invite  the  longest  stay 
possible  by  the  people  who  would  come  from  afar  to 
study  and  enjoy  them,  and  who  would  suffer  both 
in  time  and  money,  by  travel  to  it,  if  at  a  distance  in 
the  suburbs. 

The  British  Museum  and  the  Kensington  are  in 
the  heart  of  London  ;  and  the  Louvre,  Luxemburg, 

Ecole  des  Beaux  Arts,  Luxemburg  and  Cluny  Museums  are  likewise  in  the  centre  of  Paris. 

A  University  may  well  be  located  in  retirement, 

but  a  Museum  should  be  directly  in  the  public 

pathway.     Nothing  more  could  be  desired  in  this 

regard  for  the  Gallery,  than  the  Observatory  site, 

adjoining  the  Executive  and  Departmental  Build- 
ings. 

The  remainder  of  the  tract  eastward  to  17th 

street,  described  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Board  of 

Trade  in  the  note  appended,  is  now  in  the  unsightly 

condition  pictured  from  photographs  herewith.     A 

portion  of  it  is  the  common  dumping  ground  of  the 

city.     The  tract  is  held  by  very  many  owners,  and 

can  never  be  redeemed  from  its  present  shabbiness 

except  by  a  general   condemnation.     Since  it  ad- 
joins the  grounds  of  the  Executive  Mansion  and 

the  Washington  Monument,  such  action  seems  in- 
evitable, and  the  more  speedily  it  is  accomplished, 

the   less   will    be   the    draft    upon    the    National 

Treasury. 

It  is  a  remarkably  encouraging  fact  toward 

this   enterprise,  that  the  site  of  the  Observatory 

Buildings  is  now  graded  and  terraced,  precisely  as  wanted  for  the  Columbian  and  American 


No.     122. — RUSSIAN    CATHEDRAL,    VASSILI    BLANKSKENCY, 
I 6th  CENTURY.      M. 


THE    FUTURE   OF  WASHINGTON.  89 

Temples.  The  area  within  the  walls  is  about  19  acres,  with  1,100  feet  range  north  and 
south,  ample  to  contain  the  dominant  structures.  In  a  twelvemonth,  their  magnificent  ele- 
vation might  be  added  to  the' architectural  grandeur  of  the  National  Capital.* 

Such  a  result  would  stimulate  the  patriotic  pride 
of  the  nation  in  the  seat  of  its  representative  authority. 

The  location  of  the  Capital  was  originally  in  com- 
promise of  competition  between  States  for  its  possession. 
Situated  on  the  midway  line  of  the  North  and  the 
South,  its  improvement  was  retarded  for  three-quarters 
of  a  century  by  the  sectional  conflicts  which  culminated 
in  civil  war.  The  final  adjustment  re-established  a  faith 
in  the  permanency  of  the  Union,  that  was  expressed  in 
the  immediate  aggrandizement  of  Washington. 

The  original  magnificent  scale  of  the  French  En- 
gineer, L'Enfant,  the  friend  of  General  Washington, 
after  the  general  plan  of  Versailles,  as  proportionate  to 
the  future  of  the  Republic,  was  found  to  be  none  too 
grand,  but  only  commensurate  with  its  promise. 

The  Capitol  was  enlarged  in  grandeur,  rivalling  all 
governmental  structures  of  the  world.  Secretary  Seward 
pronounced  it  unequalled,  after  his  tour  around  the  world. 
Its  classic  style,  appropriate  for  the  dignity  of  legislative 
uses,  accords  with  that  of  its  counterpart  advocated. 

The  shaft  of  the  monumental  obelisk  that  had  stayed  incomplete  for  21  years,  as  if  uncertain 
of  its  story  of  success  or  failure  to  posterity,  was  carried  to  its  apex,  above  all  human  constructions. 

Executive  departments  were  established  in  stateliness  of  constructions  and  extent  of  capacity, 
prophetic  of  the  expansion  of  the  nation,  whose  will  and  power  they  administered. 

Liberal  appropriations  were  applied  to  the  transformation  of  Washington  from  its  previous 
forlorn  aspect  of  indifierence  and  neglect. 

When  the  representatives  of  States  that  had  been  at  war  reassembled  for  restoration  of  their 
legislative  halls  to  service  of  peace  and  good-will,  social  reconciliation  and  amenities  replaced  per- 
sonal animosities  and  assaults.  A  cordiality  in  private  life  ensued  that  has  made  Washington 
exceptional  for  hospitality. 

*  Since  the  above  was  prepared  for  the  press,  the  following  gratifying  announcement  is  made  : 

"  The  Corcoran  Art  Gallery  has  bought  a  large  piece  of  land  in  Washington  on  New  York  avenue  and  Seventeenth  street,  run- 
ning through  to  E  street.  It  is  an  irregular  plot,  having  340  feet  on  the  Avenue,  260  on  Seventeenth  street,  and  292  on  E  street.  The 
cost  of  this  land  was  $154,022,  and  only  the  absolute  need  of  the  gallery  for  a  larger  building  would  have  induced  the  trustees  to  spend 
so  much  on  a  new  site.     The  constant  rise  of  price  in  real  estate  at  the  Capital  is  another  reason  for  immediate  action." 

The  propertv  described  is  in  the  front,  easterly  line  of  the  block  suggested  for  the  National  Gallery;  opposite  the  extension  of 
the  grounds  of  the  Executive  Mansion  (v.  Plans,  Figs.  6  and  7).  The  Corcoran  Gallery,  to  continue  for  generations,  as  we  hope, 
to  gather  the  gems  of  art,  will  thus  be  located  at  the  entrance  of  our  supposed  Park  Istoria.  If  the  Government  secures,  as  it  ought, 
the  block  of  220  acres,  then  the  Corcoran  Gallery  will  be  provided  for  future  expansion  without  further  expenditure  for  land. 

It  is  an  opportune  encouragement  that  the  trustees  have  located  precisely  where  the  theory  of  the  present  scheme  would  have 
chosen. 


No.    liV EGVI'TIAN     MOSC^lh    OH     KAILHKV 


90 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY   OF   HISTORY  AND   ART. 


Increased  expenditure  for  scientific  and  literary  interests  attracted  hither  appreciative  patrons 
to  enjo}^  them.  Washington  became  the  centre  of  American  historical  material,  to  which  rich 
accessions  were  made  by  purchase  of  the  Force  and  other  private  collections.  These  increasing 
intellectual  resources  have  drawn  to  it  a  residential  class  of  affluent  and  scholarly  people,  who  find 
it  more  congenial  than  any  other  American  city. 

It  is  now  assured  to  be  a  continental  focus  of  refined,  intelligent  society,  secure  from  the 
turmoil  and  obstructions  of  commerce  and  the  discords  of  manufacturing  communities. 

These  influences  have  combined  to  stimulate  the  growth  and  adornment  of  the  Capital 
at  an  unprecedented  rate.  Washington  is  rapidly  centralizing  within  itself  both  the  federal 
and  popular  sentiment  of  the  American  people.  \\s,  forty-four  allied  sovereignties  consolidate 
therein  the  great  functions  which  they  have  delegated  for  common  weal  and  defence.     The 


PHOTO.    BY    M.    B.    BRADY,    WASHIKGTON,    MAY,    1891. 


No.  124.— VIEW  OF  LAND  EASTWARD  FROM  NAVAL  OBSERVATORY. 

constituents  of  these  States  recognize  that  the  incidents  of  their  local  history  and  ancestral 
pride,  the  crises  of  Bunker  Hill,  Yorktown,  and  New  Orleans,  aggregate  in  an  example  of 
world-wide  beneficence  beneath  the  dome  of  their  National  Legislature. 

Never  in  the  history  of  mankind  has  a  city  been  favored  with  a  fairer  and  more  potential 
promise. 

Founded  upon  the  popular  devotion  of  65,000,000  people,  the  material  exponent  of  their  union 
in  liberty  and  fraternity,  it  will  inevitably  reflect  their  interest  and  liberality.  They  are  proud 
of  its  elevation  upon  the  common  foundation  of  their  political  system : — a  universal  elementary 
education  ;  as  the  sanctuary  of  their  charter  of  freedom,  a  national  constitution  ; — of  its  multi- 
plied charms  of  rural  beauty  ;  its  facilities  for  rational  enjoyment  of  social  life.  This  legitimate 
pride  will  constitute  an  important  element  in  the  patriotism  that  must  defend  the  national  life. 
It  will  be  wise  to  stimulate  such  national  ambition ;  to  foster  rivalry  with  the  old  nations  in  all 
intellectual  expedients  that  shall  parallel  an  advance  in  the  science  of  government. 


THE   FUTURE  OF  WASHINGTON. 


91 


Washington  must  become  a  glory  of  the  Republic  beyond  its  possession  of  [national  force  ; 
in  its  resources  for  knowedge,  its  grandeur  of  art  and  architecture.  As  the  Hellenes  material- 
ized their  intellectual  conceptions  and  aspirations  on  the  Acropolis,  Americans  will  henceforth 


PHOro.    BY    M.    B.    BRADY,    WASHINGTON,    MAY,    IB! 


No.  123.— VIEW  OF  THE  CENTRAL  PORTION  OF  LAND  BETWEEN  THE  OBSERVATORY  AND  GROUNDS  OF  THE  EXECUTIVE 

MANSION;  AT  PRESENT  RECEIVING  THE  RUBBISH  OF  THE  CITY. 

centralize  the  illustration  of  their  achievements  and  aims  in  the  National  Capital.     They  will 
fear  its  counterpart  in  a  complete  and  harmonious  temple  of  knowledge. 

The  time  has  come  for  its  commencement.  The  desire  for  knowledge  by  the  people  waits 
for  the  use  of  their  abundant  wealth  to  aid  its  acquisition.* 

*  It  is  repellant  to  place  in  such  connection  the  mercenary  advantages  that  would  result.  We  will  leave  to  the  financier  and  in- 
vestor calculations  as  to  the  pecuniary  result  to  real  estate  owners  in  Washington,  and  holders  of  securities  upon  railroads  diverging 
therefrom,  when  Washington  shall  have  become  "both  the  Berlin  and  Paris  of  America,"  in  its  attraction  thither  of  thousands  of  resi- 
dent scholars  and  students  by  the  unequalled  advantages  of  its  National  Gallery.  When  many  more  thousands  shall  flow  to  it  from  all 
sections  of  the  country,  as  the  richest  centre  of  the  world  for  practical  and  diversified  object-illustration. 

Transportation  companies,  land  holders,  tradesmen,  may  readily  figure  that  they  will  receive  in  return  more  than  the  inter- 
est of  the  investment. 

The  enormous  advance  in  Washington  real  estate  the  last  ten  years  is  a  basis  for  prophecy  of  the  future. 

In  t86o  its  population  was  6t,i22.     In  1890,  220,000. 


Ways  and  Means  for  the  National  Callery. 


If  a  man  do  not  erect  in  this  age  liis  own  tomb  ere  he  dies,  he  shall  live  no  longer  in  monument  than  the  liell 
rings  and  the  widow  weeps. — Shakespeare. 

Who  that  surveys  this  span  of  earth  we  press. 
This  speck  of  life  in  Time's  great  wilderness, 
This  narrow  isthmus  'twixt  two  boundless  seas, 
The  past,  the  future,  two  eternities ! 
Would  sully  the  bright  spot,  or  leave  it  bare. 
When  he  might  build  him  a  proud  temple  there, 
A  name,  that  long  shall  hallow  all  its  space. 
And  be  each  purer  soul's  high  resting-place  ! 

— Moore. 


THE  first  announcement  of  this  enterprise  to  the  public  was  by  a  brief  of  this  paper  prepared 
for  a  meeting  of  Congressional  Press  Correspondents,  at  the  Arlington  Hotel,  Washington, 
December  27,  1890.  From  that  summary  several  of  the  largest  journals  of  the  country  published 
copious  details,  with  strong  commendation  of  the  object.    • 

These  articles  caused  mention  of  the  matter  from  Maine  to  Shasta,  California,  and  Oshkosh, 
Wisconsin,  without  unfavorable  comment  from  seventy  notices  received,  except  in  three  or  four 
instances.  These  few  considered  the  extent  of  the  constructions  excessive,  but  with  good  reason, 
in  misapprehension  of  the  plan.  They  assumed  that  the  whole  area  was  to  be  covered  by  roofs, 
whereas  the  open  courts  of  three  to  six  acres  each,  require  forty  acres.  This  misconception  sug- 
gested the  evidence  given,  that  all  the  floor-area  upon  the  plan,  if  ultimately  provided,  will  be  less 
than  that  of  single  constructions  in  Europe. 

One  journal  comments  thus  : 

"  The  plan  for  a  National  Art  Gallery  *  *  *  is  altogether  too  ambitious  for  a  Republican  form  of  gov- 
ernment." 

Shall  the  richest  nation  of  the  world,  claiming  the  highest  average  intelligence,  supply  them- 
selves with  less  intellectual  facilities  than  those  of  other  nations — the  legacies  of  monarchical 
institutions  ?  The  Periclean  age  of  Greece  and  the  Augustan  age  of  Rome,  the  glory  of  one  and 
the  grandeur  of  the  other,  rose  upon  a  basis  of  republican  institutions. 

The  splendor  and  extent  of  the  French  Exposition  of  1889,  surpassing  all  its  predecessors 
despite  the  non-concurrence  of  neighboring  sovereigns,  united  the  enthusiasm  of  the  people.  It 
wrought  its  richest  result  to  the  nation  in  the  firm  establishment  and  recognition  of  its  repiiblican 
government. 

This  argument  is  relevant  to  the  problem  of  Ways  and  Means  for  the  establishment  and  main- 
tenance upon  the  largest  scale  of  a  National  Gallery.  History  has  demonstrated  that  an  intelli- 
gent people,  aspiring  to  intellectual  elevation,  will  command  all  possible  aid  from  their  unstinted 
resources.     When  the  people  are  "  enflamed  with  the  study  of  learning  and  the  admiration  of 


TME  desirable;  site,  Cheaply  available.  93 

virtue,*'  when  they  seize  upon  the  promise  and  crave  the  pleasure  of  mental  cultivation,  their  leg- 
islators will  voice  their  eagerness  and  supply  the  means.  The  aggregate  voluntary  expenditure 
of  the  nation — State,  municipal  and  private — for  educational  purposes  has  steadily  increased. 

One  year's  interest  on  the  appropriations  of  the  50th  Congress,  at  2^  per  cent.,  would  sup- 
ply 25,000,000  dollars  :  ample  to  build  and  equip  the  needed  Institution.  The  appropriations  of 
the  50th  Congress  for  War  and  Navy  purposes  were  over  100,000,000  dollars. 

Were  the  entire  cost  of  the  National  Gallery  voted  at  the  next  session,  not  an  individual  in 
the  nation  would  be  conscious  of  the  fact  as  affecting  his  property  or  income. 

New  York  subscribed  5,000,000  for  a  Columbian  Exposition.  The  appropriation  of  20,000,000 
dollars  during  five  or  ten  years  from  the  National  Treasury  is  a  trifle  in  comparison.  The  latter 
would  be  for  an  enduring  result ;  the  former  was  for  the  temporary  show  of  a  season. 

Information  of  the  Observatory  site  and  the  coincidence  of  its  early  abandonment  for  the 
new  premises  awaiting  occupation,  give  great  encouragement  for  its  immediate  appropriation  to 
the  National  Gallery.  It  is  intended  that  the  first  petition  to  the  Committee  on  Public  Buildings 
and  Grounds  of  the  next  Congress,  shall  be  for  the  assignment  of  that  estate  for  the  American 
temples. 

At  the  same  time  it  will  be  asked  that  the  entire  area  between  B  and  F  streets,  of  about  220 
acres,  or  between  B  and  E  streets,  of  about  190  acres,  be  condemned,  as  were  the  lands  for  the 
Zoological  Park,*  for  the  site  of  a  National  Gallery,  according  to  this  Prospectus.f 

For  the  Government  ownership  of  220  acres  it  is  necessary  to  buy  only  105^  acres,  valued 
for  taxation,  with  improvements,  at  $1,421,345.00;  114%  acres  being  covered  by  streets,  reserva- 
tions, and  the  Observatory  site. 

For  the  acquisition  of  the  block  to  E  street,  192  acres,  there  must  be  bought  only  771^  acres, 
valued  at  $604,300.00.  This  tract  is  appraised  at  an  average  of  18  cents  per  square  foot.  The 
entire  tract  is  appraised  at  an  average  of  31  cents  per  square  foot. 

As  stated,  it  had  been  supposed  impossible  to  obtain  the  large  area  demanded  centrally 
located  in  Washington. 

Although  the  land  might  be  offered  as  a  gift  by  a  syndicate,  the  history  of  Congressional  aid 
to  patriotic  or  literary  objects,  until  their  usefulness  and  popularity  had  been  established,  was  a 
discouragement. 

The  Washington  Monument  was  36  years  in  construction,  at  a  cost  of  $1,100,000;  being 
untouched  for  20  years. 

The  Smithsonian  bequest  was  accepted  in  1836.  Eleven  years  passed  before  the  buildings 
were  commenced,  and  nine  years  before  they  were  completed  at  a  cost  of  $450,000. 

It  required  eight  years  to  obtain  a  site  for  the  Library  of  Congress,  though  the  necessity  was 
urgent. 

*  See  Addenda  6.     Condemnation  of  Zoological  Park. 

t  Of  course  this  would  be  with  the  exemption  of  the  late  purchase  by  the  Corcoran  trustees ;  but  th»  Government  would  wisely 
"  condemn  "  also  their  estate;  refund  to  them  the  amount  paid  for  it,  and  then  give  them  their  land  with  an  addition,  that  the  new 
buildings  should  not  be  upon  the  street  line  (17th).     They  should  have  more  ample  area  for  ornamental  grounds  and  future  enlarge 
ment;  and  that  their  architectural  design  could  accord  with  the  National  Gallery.     Government  should  give  the  Corcoran  Gallery  al 
the  land  it  requires,  and  the  154,600  dollars  paid  from  its  endowment  for  land  should  be  devoted  to  purchases  of  pictures. 


94 


A  NATIONAL  GALLERY  OF  HISTORY  AND  ART. 


From  these  examples  this  generation  might  despair  of  a  National  Gallery.  Therefore  it  was 
proposed  in  the  "  Brief"  to  the  press,  that  individual  or  popular  contributions  be  solicited  for  the 
beginning. 

This  suggestion  was  misapprehended  as  intending  a  dependence  of  the  National  Gallery 
entirely  upon  popular  support ;  which  is  plainly  impracticable.  It  will  doubtless  be  assumed  by 
the  Government  as  soon  as  its  resultant  benefits  to  the  nation,  from  an  experimental  beginning, 
shall  have  been  thoroughly  demonstrated,  and  public  desire  for  its  completion  shall  be  manifested.* 
Popular  appreciation  of  such  institutions  has  of  late  greatly  advanced,  and  an  approach  to 
Congress  in  their  behalf  at  present  is  more  hopeful  than  in  the  past. 

The  last  Congress  made  one  record  of  prompt  and  unanimous  action  for  the  people's  pros- 
pective satisfaction,  greatly  to  its  honor.  It  is  a  precedent  quite  unusual  of  patriotic  suppression 
of  partisanship  that  may  be  an  example,  illustrious  in  future  imitation. 

On  the  23d  of  August,  1890,  the  Committee  on  Public  Lands  of  the  House  of  Representa- 
tives reported  a  bill  "  to  set  apart 
a  certain  tract  of  land  in  Califor- 
nia known  as  the  Yosemite  Val- 
ley forever  as  a  public  Park." 
It  was  passed  the  same  day 
without  a  division.  On  the  25th 
of  August  the  bill  was  referred 
to  the  Sen.  Com.  on  Pviblic 
Lands.  It  was  returned  to  the 
Senate  on  the  8th  September,  and 
passed  without  debate  in  14  days 
from  its  report  to  the  House. 

That  bill  preserved  for  the 
nation  groves  of  the  gigantic  Se- 
quoia trees  from  the  axe  of  the 

No.    126. — MERCANTE's  BATHS  OF  TITUS.      THE  MARRIAGE.  "•      WOodmen 

The  enterprise  herein  commended  to  legislative  adoption  and  maintenance  will  plant  "  all 
manner  of  trees  "  of  knowledge,  in  more  than  restoration  of  the  classic  groves  of  Hellenic  phil- 
osophy, that  shall  yield  the  richest  fruitage  of  ancient  art  and  wisdom,  enhanced  in  the  light  of 
modem  development. 

It  will  be  a  demonstration  of  the  intelligence  that  underlies  American  institutions,  if  such 
beneficent  aims  can  be  as  quickly  promoted  with  zeal  and  unanimity  by  their  representatives. 

If  the  petition  to  Congress  for  the  site  of  a  National  Gallery  could  be  supplemented  by  the 
offer  of  citizens  to  contribute  500,000  or  1,000,000  dollars  for  construction  of  the  Parthenonic 
temples  or  the  Roman  and  Greek  galleries,  in  illustration  of  the  plan,  there  would  be  great 
assurance  of  its  rapid  completion. 


*  Addenda  8. 


A   POPULAR  CONSTITUENCY. 


95 


We  may  reasonably  hope  that  when  all  the  features  of  this  desirable  Institution  shall  be 
clearly  set  forth  to  the  attention  of  the  many  of  our  countrymen  who  have  now  a  surplus  of 
wealth,  that  at  least  ten  will  be  found  who  will  contribute  their  $100,000  each  ;  thus  supplying 
the  million  dollars  demanded. 

To  THEIR  ENDURING  HONOR  THE  CoURTS  WOULD  CONTAIN  MONUMENTS  TO 

TEN  WISE  MEN  OF  THE  DAY. 

But  as  the  aim  of  this  Institution  is  for  the  good  of  the  people,  their  interest  should  be 
secured  by  contributory  participation  in  its  creation. 

This  Institute  must  have  a  National  constituency  : 

First.  FOUNDERS  should  have  record ; — those  who  give  or 
bequeath  $100,000  or  upwards. 

Second.  BENEFACTORS; — those  who  give  or  bequeath  $1,000 
or  upwards.* 

Third.  PATRONS ; — those  who  give  $100  or  upwards. 

Fourth.  MEMBERS ; — those  who  contribute  $10  or  upwards. 

Fifth.  DONORS; — those  who  give  or  bequeath  paintings,  or 
objects  in  furtherance  of  its  aims. 

All  these  should  receive  a  copy  of  the  Annual  Report  of  the 
Institute,  with  attractive  illustrations  of  its  recent  additions. 

I  am  eager  to  follow  these  suggestions  by  a  first  appropriation  to 
the  Gallery  of  a  manuscript  portion  of  the  Bible  in  Latin  of  the  14th 
century,  bound  in  wood  with  heavy  chain  attached ;  such  a  Bible 
chained  to  a  post,  was  read  by  Luther  in  his  monastery.  Secondly, 
of  the  models  above  mentioned,  and  thirdly,  of  1,000  interesting 
historic  and  architectural  engravings. 

These  shall  include,  first,  the  grand  restorations  of  the  Forum 
by  Cockerill  and  Canina,  which  gave  the  conception  of  the  building ; 
also  a  rare  series  from  copper  of  Mercante's  frescoes  in  the  baths 
of  Titus,  from  which  Raphael  drew,  to  a  great  extent,  his  designs 
for  the  Loggie  of  the  Vatican.  Supplementing  these  shall  be 
the  superb  plates  from  copper  published  by  Popes  Clement  XIII  and  XIV,  covering  200 
square  feet  of  engraving,  showing  all  the  details  of  the  Loggie  by  Raphael  and  his  pupils — a 
work  of  rarity  and  value.  Also  Roman  engravings  of  Rossini  and  Piranesi,  including  the 
latter's  Magnificentia  Romanorum. 

*  The  Catalogue  of  the  British  Museum  constantly  rehearses  the  "  List  of  Benefectors,"  beginning  with  1753.  Sir  John  Cot- 
ton, Bart.  "  The  collection  of  Manuscripts  and  Charters  formed  bjhis  grandfather."  It  includes  mention  of  single  articles,  as — 1885. — 
Lord  Hillingdon,  Marble  figure  of  a  Bull  from  Athens.  18S5.— T.  A.  E.  Addington,  Esq.,  A  large  collection  of  rubbings  from 
English  monumental  brasses.  And,  also,  1879. — William  White,  Esq.  (by  bequest),  £65,411  stg.  for  building  a  Gallery  for  the 
Mausoleum  Sculptures.  The  Marquise  Viscont  Arconati  has  lately  willed  to  the  Louvre  and  Cluny  Museums  1,600,000  dollars,  the 
interest  to  be  expended  for  works  of  art.  This  is  only  one  of  many  recent  gifts  made  in  republican  France,  the  greatest  being  that  of 
the  park,  palace,  and  art  treasures  of  Chantilly,  by  the  Count  de  Paris. 


No.  127. — FROM  Raphael's  dhcorations 

OF  THE  LOGGIE  OF  THE  VATICAN. 


96 


A  NATIONAL   GALLERY   OF   HISTORY   AND   ART. 


Pinelli's  ISTORIA  Romana  above  described  awaits  opportunity  of  use,  in  transfer  to  the  walls 
of  the  Roman  gallery  as  the  first  historical  series. 

In  contrast  to  these  will  be  the  luxurious  "  Coronation  of  George  IV."  It  includes  a  series 
of  portraits  in  gorgeous  costumes  of  the  nobility  of  England. 

Guizot  has  defined  civilization  "  as  the  grand  emporium  of  the  people,  in  which  all  the  wealth, 

all  the  elements  of  its  life  are  stored  up ; 
something  for  nations  to  transmit  from  age 
to  age." 

Such  civilization  demands  that  the  peo- 
ple who  will  soon  commemorate  an  era  pre- 
eminent in  human  progress,  and  the  natal 
fact  of  its  existence,  should  mark  the  event 
by  a   national   memorial — in   magnificence 

unsurpassed,  in  practical  usefulness  un- 
equalled. 

Consider  its  moral  grandeur!  In  the 
philosophy  of  history  it  is  an  epoch — at  once 
the  midway  halt  and  the  new,  hopeful  start- 
ing point  of  the  human  race  ;  the  lifting  of 
the  gates  of  the  West  for  exit  of  crowded 
and  contentious  nations  to  another  hemi- 
sphere, for  their  expansion  and  development. 
It  opened  a  vista  of  infinitely  greater  intel- 
lectual than  material  progress.  Freed  from  bondage,  with  a  printing  press  for  universal  and 
immortal  utterance,  the  mind  of  man  was  to  germinate  in  thought  and  magnify  in  power,  for  the 
continuous  elevation  of  humanity. 

The  Institution  herein  advised  should  commemorate  that  era  as  a  monumental  aspiration  of 
"  good  will  to  men."  In  the  scope  of  its  record  of  the  history  of  mankind  ;  in  the  breadth  of  its 
beneficence  and  the  perpetuity  of  its  results,  it  may  stand  as  a  monument  unparalleled  to  the 
intelligence,  refinement,  enterprise,  and  force  of  a  democracy. 

If  on  the  14th  of  October,  1892,  the  corner-stone  of  a  National  Gallery  of  the  United  States 
"for  the  dissemination  of  knowledge  among  men"  can  be  laid  by  Presidents  of  the  oldest  Colleges 
in  each  of  the  United  States,  simultaneously  through  electric  signal,  with  the  dedication  of  the 
World's  Fair  by  the  President  at  Chicago ;  in  memorial  of  the  blessings  that  have  accumulated 
upon  them  as  chief  inheritors  of  the  legacy  of  Columbus  to  the  world ;  and  in  magnanimous 
purpose  that  these  blessings  shall  be  multiplied  to  posterity,  then  government  by  and  for  the 
people  will  have  had  new  vindication  for  the  hope  of  the  nations  who  aspire  to  it. 

The  Institution  will  have  thus  a  memorable  and  appropriate  origin.  It  will  mark  the  second 
century  of  the  Republic  as  passing  onward  toward  nobler  aims  than  mere  financial  and  material 
a-ggregsition ;  its  entrance  upon  a  purer,  happier,  reflective  life,  that  will  calm  unrest  that  now 
incites  to  anarchy. 

The  writer  believes  that  if  the  enterprise  above  set  forth  shall  become  a  reality,  it  will  pro- 


No.    128.— CEILING   FROM   MERCANTe's  DECORATIONS   OF   THE   BATHS    0F_T1TUS, 

ROME,    1774. 


CONCLUSION. 


97 


mote  such  progress ;  and  perpetuate  from  generation  to  generation,  the  richest  moral,  mental, 
social  and  political  benefit  to  the  people. 

If  its  prosecution  may  not  be  as  rapid  as  appears  to  him  practicable,  he  may  at  least  have 
incited  a  primary  motion  toward  an  ultimate  evolution. 

Seventy  years  ago,  the  minister  of  a  quiet  country  parish  in  Massachusetts  made  a  Fourth 
of  July  oration,  with  the  following  exordium  : 

"  Doubtless  each  mote  that  floats  in  the  atmosphere  does  its  part  toward  the  maintainance  of  the  balance  of 
creation.  It  may  be,  therefore,  that  the  eflbrt  of  this  occasion,  despite  the  insignificance  of  the  speaker,  but  considering 
the  greatness  of  the  theme,  may  not  be  wholly  lost." 

In  conclusion,  it  is  hoped  that  an  intense  interest  for  the  realization  of  this  conception  will 
induce  a  kindly  judgment  of  the  personal  prominence  that  was  inevitable  for  its  full  presentation. 
Suggestions  in  improvement  will  be  welcomed. 
Address — "  The  Pompeia,"  Franklin  W.  Smith, 

Saratoga  Springs,  N.  Y.,  St.  Augustine,  Fi,a., 

May  to  December.  December  to  May. 


Note — 

"  The  study  of  the  ancient  .irchitectural  remains  ol 
Central  America,"  says  Fergusson,  "  is  the  only  means  we 
know  of  by  which  the  ancient  history  of  the  country  can  be 
recovered  from  the  darkness  which  now  enshrouds  it,  and 
the  connection  of  the  Old  World  with  the  New — if  any  ex- 
isted—can be  traced." 


s.y?Bt»a» 


%   t    Si  % 


No.    12y. — ELEVATION  OH  PART  OT  PALACE  AT  ZAVr,   YUCATAN. 


The  Smithsonian  Institution  has  prosecuted  scien- 
tific investigation  of  this  important  subject,  especially  in 
its  relation  to  American  ethnology,  and  the  National 
Museum  has  extensive  collections  of  American  archa;- 
ological  material  waiting  space  for  exhibition. 

Therefore,  in  the  above  resume,  this  field  has  had 
only  brief  consideration,  v.  p.  37. 


No.    130. — ELEVATION  OF  TEOCALLl  (mOUND  FOR  SACRIFICE)  AT  PALENQUE,  YUCATAN. 


'    ADDENDA. 


No.  I. 

The  present  aggregate  of  our  national  -wealth  is  admitted  by 
statisticians  to  be  the  greatest  in  the  world  (/.  18.) 

"  Mulhall  estimates  the  accumulated  wealth  of  Great 
Britain  at  8,96o,ooo,cxx)  pounds  in  18S0,  and  that  of  the 
United  States  at  7,880,000,000  pounds  in  iSSo. 

"  If  he  had  followed  the  American  census  returns  his 
value  for  1880  would  have  been  25  per  cent,  larger  (or 
1 1 ,200,000,000  pounds).  The  country  whose  population 
has  been  developed  within  280  years  does  already  one- 
third  of  the  world's  mining,  one-fourth  of  its  manufac- 
turing, and  one- fifth  of  its  agriculture  ;  and  at  least  one- 
sixth  of  the  world's  wealth  is  already  concentrated  in  the 
strips  of  territory  in  Central  North  America,  which  is  the 
home  of  the  United  States." — Encyclopwda  Brltajt- 
nica. 

"  The  per  capita  indebtedness  of  the  United  States 
amounts  to  $25.00  ;  that  of  Great  Britain  to  $87.00  ;  that 
of  France  to  $175.00;  while  that  of  Australia  is  no  less 
than  $250.00." 

The  reliability  of  Mulhall's  statistics  is  debated,  be- 
cause largely  based  upon  supposititious  data ;  since 
Great  Britain  and  no  other  powers  enter  into  no  such 
minute  census  details  as  the  United  States.  There  is, 
however,  another  basis  of  comparison  that  has  been  proven 
to  be  reliable. 

Political  economists  have  agreed  with  statisticians  that 
the  production  of  iron  is  a  gauge  of  the  material  pro- 
gress of  a  nation.  England  dates  her  rapid  development 
of  wealth  from  the  working  of  her  mines  of  coal  and  iron. 
Iron  is  "  the  source  and  badge  of  national  power."  By  this 
standard  of  greatness  the  prestige  of  Great  Britain  has 
passed  to  the  United  States. 

In  1890  the  production  of  pig  iron  in  the  United  States 
was  1, 200,000  tons  gross  larger  than  in  Great  Britain  ;  and 
60,000  tons  greater  than  that  of  great  Britain  in  1882, 
which  was  its  year  of  largest  production. 

With  such  resources  of  wealth,  the  Republic  should  vie 
with  the  mother  country  in  resources  of  intelligence. 


No.  2. 


The  National  Gallery  of  the  American  Republic.,  it  is  proposed, 
shall  surpass  in  architectural  grandeur  all  similar  construc- 
tions [J).  29). 

The  constructions  represented  in  the  design  probably 
cover  a  larger  area  than  any  previous  group  of  buildings 
for  a  special  use ;  and  although  their  cost  will  be  less 
than  that  of  several  palaces.  Oriental  and  European, 
(if  built  of  concrete),  their  architectural  effect  will  never 
have  been  equalled. 

"  The  palace  temple  of  Karnac,"  says  Fergusson,  "  is 
probably  the  grandest  effort  for  architectural  magnificence 
ever  produced  by  the  hand  of  man."     Its  area  was  1,200 


feet  by  360  feet,  about  10  acres;  but  a  large  portion  of 
this  was  uncovered  by  buildings.  Its  great  hypostile  hall 
is  internally  340  feet  by  170  feet,  or  88,000  square  feet. 

The  Moorish  Palace  of  Zahra,  near  Cordova,  described 
it  is  believed  reliably  by  Moorish  writers,  enclosed  an 
area  of  4,000  feet  by  2,200  feet;  but  the  greater  part  of 
this  was  in  gardens.     It  had  4,300  columns. 

The  Escurial,  usually  considered  the  largest  of  such 
constructions  since  its  date,  covers  740  feet  by  580  feet 
externally,  or  nearly  10  acres  ;  but  there  are  interior  open 
courts.  The  main  building  is  of  six  stories,  so  that  its 
acreage  of  flooring  is  immense,  far  surpassing  that  of  the 
proposed  galleries. 

In  architectural  effect  it  expresses  the  repulsive  and 
obdurate  traits  of  its  tyrant-projector,  who  proposed  it  to 
be  a  religious  symbol  of  the  gridiron  of  St.  Lawrence. 


No.  3. 

The  genius  of  Art  adapted  to  this  age  cannot  be  more  clearly 
set  forth  than  in  the  comments  of  Monsieur  Phillipc  Gillc  on 
the  Exhibit  of  the  late  French  Exposition  (/.  54). 

Upon  reflection  it  may  be  seen  that  Nature  offers  utmost 
range  of  sentiment,  under  commonplace  names  of  her 
creatures  or  the  scientific  divisions  of  her  realm. 

Michelet  has  invested  "  The  Bird"  with  such  poetry 
of  life,  both  in  description  and  delineation,  that  whoever 
has  read  his  fascinating  pages,  illumined  by  the  art  of 
Giacomelli,  almost  recognizes  henceforth  the  bird  upon 
the  wing  as  the  messenger  of  the  fairies.'  He  finds  all 
human  characteristics  and  impulses  ;  courage,  tenderness  ; 
energy,  patience  ;  dignity,  selfishness  ;  intelligence,  cun- 
ning; love,  revenge,  in  full  play  from  within  the  soul  or 
instinct  of  the  feathered  tribe.  Hence  the  varied  power 
and  beauty  that  he  sees  and  portrays  from  their  daily  life  : 
the  eagle  upon  the  mountain  top  challenging  with  fixed 
eye  the  blaze  of  the  rising  sun  ;  the  humming-bird,  flitting 
from  flower  to  flower  ;  the  vulture  of  the  desert  and  the 
tender  cooing  of  the  dove.  Thus,  too,  Chateaubriand, 
as  he  nestles  the  wild  duck  under  the  mossy  bank,  by  the 
rippling  stream,  screened  in  her  retreat  by  the  drapery  of 
the  waving  vines  hung  on  "  her  distaffs  of  purple  reeds." 

If,  therefore,  should  be  assigned  to  artists  for  the  Insti- 
•tute,  the  cold  stifl'  class — ornithology — awakening  recol- 
lections of  birds,  packed  closely  in  technical  classification, 
as  essential  for  the  profound  investigations  of  science, 
there  might  be  an  electric  shock  to  artistic  sensibilities. 

But  let  us  imagine  a  grand  hall  in  the  Institute  devoted 
not  to  Ornithology,  but  to  the  Birds  of  the  United  States 
of  America.  It  is  with  an  arched  ceiling  for  skies  in 
sections  of  different  tone,  in  accord  with  the  regions  of 
varied  landscape  beneath.    In  these  sections  are  portrayed 


ADDENDA. 


99 


truthfully  their  varied  haunts.  These  would  present  the 
widest  contrasts  in  Nature :  the  mountain  top  ;  the  ocean 
shore  ;  forests  of  oak  and  pine  ;  jungles  of  the  palmetto 
and  magnolia  ;  fruits  and  flowers  of  the  North  and  South  ; 

the  rustic  covert  of  the 
partridge ;  the  shallow 
lakelet  of  the  heron. 
What  could  be  more 
fascinating  to  the  eye 
than  "The  Bird" 
painted  in  life  and  airy 
motion  in  the  verdant 
or  wild  surroundings 
that  Nature  has  fitted 
for  its  Paradise  ? 

In  the  villa  of  Dio- 
med  at  Pompeii  there 
remains  on  the  walls 
of  the  bath-room  a 
decoration  of  fish,  dis- 
porting in  the  depths 
of  the  sea.  It  attracts 
especial  admiration  in 
the  reproduction  a  t 
Saratoga  and  has  been 
noted  for  many  repe- 
titions. 

It  is  a  hint  in  the  line 
o  f  these  suggestions. 
The  fish  of  America 
might  thus  be  dis- 
played in  their  waters, 
practically  as  well  for 
general  observation,  as 
by  the  great  cost  of 
aquaria.  A  continuous 
series  would  be  a  bril- 
liant decoration  for  a 
gallery. 

Again,  I  imagine  an 
assignment  t  o  artists 
for  prize  competitions 
in  Cartoons  of  the 
Latitudes  of  the 
United  States  for  the  National  Gallery. 

What  scope,  what  contrast,  what  grandeur,  what 
beauty,  what  titanic  strength,  what  utmost  attenuity  : 
what  icy  death  pulses,  what  rampant  verdure,  would  be 
covered  under  this  dry  geographical  title  given  as  a  theme 
to  sensitive  artists  ! 

When  they  began  their  travels  for  the  various  re- 
gions for  a  congenial  theme,  they  would  realize  that 
the  commission  offered  them  the  range  of  the  world  for 
material  in  composition. 

The  Glaciers  of  Alaska  ;  the  peaks  and  ranges  of  the 
Rocky  Mountains ;  the  canyons  of  the  Nevadas ;  the 
Geysers  of  the  Yellowstone  ;  the  plains  of  Kansas  ;  the 


131. — OIACOMELLl  S  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


cataract  of  Niagara  ;  the  hills  of  the  Adirondacks  ;  the 
valleys  of  the  Mohawk  ;  the  forests  of  pine  at  the  North  ; 
of  oaks  at  the  South  ;  the  farms  of  varied  culture  of  New 
England  ;  the  cotton  and  rice  plantations  of  Louisiana  ; 
from  the  apple  tree  to  the  palm  tree  ;  the  home  of  the 
seal  on  the  ice  float  to  the  haunt  of  the  chamelion  in 
thickets  of  perpetual  summer. 

All  this  may  be  realistic  and  truthful  in  illustration  of 
the  wonders  of  our  domain,  and  yet  challenge  all  the 
fancy  and  poetry  of  an  artist  in  soul. 

It  may  be  said  that  these  are  merely  the  past  and  pres- 
ent universal  subjects  of  art.     This  is  true,  with  a  difTer- 


132. — GIACOMELLl's    ILLUSTRATIONS. 


ence ;  the  difference  is  in  their  orderly  and  illustrative 
combination.  The  theory  of  the  Institute  is  an  assign- 
ment for  an  ultimate  series  of  representations  that  shall 
gradually  yield  a  consecutive  display  of  the  resources  of 
the  national  domain  for  educational  use. 


lOO 


ADDENDA. 


Our  flight  with  the  birds  was  an  apparent  diversion 
from  the  utilitarianism  which  is  set  forth  as  the  basis  for 
the  Institute. 

On  the  contrary,  it  illustrates  that  a  National  Gallery 
of  Painting  in  progressive  illustration  of  History,  of 
American  development  or  natural  resources,  covers  all 
conceivable  themes  for  inspiration  in  art. 

Galleries  of  paintings  thus  described  plainly  cannot 
be  of  that  high  execution  which  is  demanded  (but  rarely 
obtained)  for  dilettanti  in  Art.  They  cannot  cost  like 
the  paintings  in  the  Rotunda  of  the  Capitol  ;  for  instance, 
the  apotheosis  of  Washington  on  the  canopy  of  the  Dome, 
$39,500  ;  which  is  205  feet  from  the  pavement,  almost  be- 
yond visual  interpretation  ;  or  the  eight  very  interesting 
historical  panels — enjoyed  by  all  visitors — which  cost  from 
$10,000  to  $15,000  apiece.  These  are  very  large — iS 
feet  by  12  feet — 216  square  feet.  For  a  series  6  feet  by 
9  feet,  or  54  square  feet,  would  suffice.  While  there  is 
not  this  disproportion  in  the  cost  of  smaller  canvasses, 
still  there  would  be  but  one-fourth  of  the  manipulation, 
and  compositions  would  be  less  crowded  with  figures. 
There  is  at  present  a  class  of  artists  in  Europe,  German 
and  French,  most  skilful  in  precisely  the  style  of  work 
demanded.  They  have  won  highest  honors  as  exhibitors 
at  Salons.  The  powerful  execution  of  the  series  above 
mentioned  of  the  "Triumph  of  Constantine "  proves 
their  ability.  They  have  illustrated  Bavarian  history  on 
the  walls  of  their  National  Museum.  They  have  re- 
decorated with  great  spirit  and  beauty  the  restored  halls 
of  the  Wartburg.  The  work  of  Pascal,  of  Paris,  in  the 
Pompeia  is  an  appropriate  illustration  of  this  style.  Few 
would  be  so  hypercritical  as  to  say  that  such  illustrations 
wei-e  not  satisfactory  and  allowable  for  instructive  repre- 
sentation. They  are  accepted  for  such  use  throughout 
Germany  and  France — centres  of  art  criticism.  The 
masses  who  in  America  are  to  enjoy  them  do  not  yet 
comprehend  chicaro-scuro  or  identify  pre-Raphaelitism  ; 
but,  given  one decadeof  influence  from  a  National  Gallery 
with  ample  resources,  and  a  more  general  familiarity  with 
the  technicalities  of  art  will  be  the  evidence  of  its  educa- 
tional power.  For  high  art  the  Corcoran  and  other 
select  and  costly  selections  would  supply  examples. 

There  are.,  it  is  said,  in  this  country  at  present, 
foreign  artists  of  great  ability  and  experience  in  the 
style  of  work  demanded  for  a  National  Gallery  of 
Illustration,  ivho  could  be  admirable  preceptors  for 
American  students. 

The  Germans  and  French  to-day  revel  in  art,  and  at 
an  average  of  excellence.  When  20,000  pictures  are 
offered  to  the  French  Salon,  and  6,000  found  annually 
worthy  of  display,  it  proves  that  pictures  average  there 
less  than  the  prices  demanded  in  the  United  States. 

This  argument  may  be  disparaged  as  a  cheapening  of 
artistic  talent.  It  should  not  be  so  considered,  for  in  the 
true  mercantile  relation  (and  that  is  the  practical  question) 
it  favors  ultimately  the  talent   involved.      Prices  for  art 


work  have  risen  to  a  factitious  extent  from  the  exagger- 
ated figures  obtained  for  famous  deceased  masters  ;  but 
excessive  prices  for  works  of  a  practical  character  and 
meritorious  but  not  superlative  worth  check  the  demand. 

In  failure  to  receive  the  costliest  appreciation  artists 
are  discouraged  and  discontented. 

It  will  be  of  invaluable  service  to  them  when  a  National 
collection  has  developed  employment  because  of  the 
interest  and  popularity  of  its  subjects. 

When  the  Galleries  have  received  their  series,  illumin- 
ating the  respective  historical  cycles,  very  many  artists 
will  be  employed  upon  copies  for  other  institutions  that 
will  multiply  throughout  the  country. 

Other  topics  than  political  history,  art  and  architect- 
ure may  be  cited,  of  great  interest  to  the  people,  that 
should  be  thus  connectedly,  pictorially  and  objectively 
illustrated. 

A  hall  might  contain  The  Story  of  the  Book. 

Tiie  paintings  in  series  would  commence  with  the  ini- 
tial eflbrts  of  man  to  record  his  mental  action  to  the  eye. 
They  would  exhibit  the  various  material  devised  to  re- 
ceive the  divers  symbols  and  letters  of  the  human  race. 
Far  backward  would  appear  the  papyri  of  Egypt,  now 
freely  reproduced  in  fac  simile  by  the  Louvre  in  Paris. 
The  parchments  and  tablets  of  Romans,  the  palm-leaf 
books  of  the  East  Indians,  would  be  intermediate  to  the 
appearance  of  the  printed  books.  At  this  point  will  be 
recalled  the  Plantin  Museum  at  Antwerp,  in  extent  and 
interest  unrivalled  at  present,  for  the  orderly  revelation  of 
the  arts  of  printing  and  engraving,  down  to  the  present 
wonderful  development  of  lithography  in  colors  and  photo- 
gravure. All  this  could  be  quickly  commanded  if 
money,  not  to  a  great  amount,  was  provided. 

The  Story  of  the  Plow  ;  or,  Progress  in  Pro- 
ductions for  the  Subsistence  of  Man,  would  furnish 
a  varied,  beautiful  and  attractive  series  of  pictorial  in- 
struction. Beginning  with  the  crooked  root  plow  and  the 
herds  of  the  patriarchal  age,  it  would  end  with  trans- 
scripts  of  agricultural  scenes  with  the  magical  appliances 
of  American  invention,  which  by  commercial  intercourse 
are  multiplying  and  distributing  food  products  through- 
out the  world. 


No.  4. 

The  grand  Temple  ive  devote  to  the  Commemoration  of  the  Dis- 
covery of  the  Western  Hemisphere  as  a  Columbian  Memo- 
rial {p.  49). 

The  classification  of  the  Latin-American  Department 
for  the  World's  Columbian  Exposition,  by  Mr.  William 
E.  Curtis,  in  charge,  is  an  admirable  detail  of  exhibits  ap- 
propriate to  the  National  Parthenon.  It  is  too  extensive 
for  quotation,  beyond  the  general  captions,  viz  : — 

A.  Geological  knowledge  and  the  science  of  naviga- 
tion at  the  time  of  Columbus.  (Illustrated  by 
maps,  charts,  instruments,  models,  etc.) 


ADDENDA. 


lOl 


B.  The  Court  of  Ferdinand  and   Isabella.     Portraits 

of  the  principal  personages  and  of  those   who 
aided  Columbus. 

C.  Illustrations  of   the   life-history  of   Columbus,   in 

paintings,  models  and  photographs. 

D.  Relics  of  Columbus  and  his  family  ;  in  originals, 

ox  fac  simile  or  replica,  of  armor,  arms,  letters, 
instruments,  etc. 

E.  The    voyages  of    Columbus ;  by  charts,   models, 

engravings,  etc. 
Then  follow  consecutive  illustrations  of 

1.  Epoch  of  the  Conquest  of  Mexico. 

2.  Epoch  of  the  Conquest  of  Peru. 

3.  The  Colonial  Period  under  Spanish  Rule. 

4.  The   Liberation  of  the  Provinces  and  the  Establish- 

ment of  the  several  Republics. 
A  few  years  since  the  writer  selected  in  Spain  photo- 
graphs of  thirteen  paintings  scattered  in  various  galleries, 
illustrative  of  the  history  of  the  enterprise  of  Columbus. 
In  Paris  he  commissioned  two  painters  of  recognized 
ability,  who  for  several  years  had  exhibited  at  the  Salon  : 
Pascal,  for  scenery  and  accessories,  and  Bernard  for  figures 
and  portraits  ;  to  copy  these  photographs  on  large  can- 
vasses. Unfortunately,  Bernard  was  summoned  to  the 
army  and  his  work  was  incomplete.  The  drawing  of  the 
originals  was  precisely  followed,  although  in  two  or  three 
of  the  number  it  was  crude.  Yet  the  series  as  a  whole 
was  interesting  and  instructive,  because  historical ;  in 
part  contemporaneous  and  illustrative.  It  is  proposed 
now  to  have  them  finished  and  made  a  portion  of  the 
Columbian  Exposition. 


No.  5. 

The  annexed  gratifying  response  from  a  scholarly 
friend,  an  ardent  student  of  classic  art  and  Egyptology 
in  their  ancient  domains,  suggests  a  brilliant  and  beauti- 
ful eflect  upon  the  Parthenonic  temples  : 

Mii.WAUKiE,  June  16,  '91. 

"  The  proof-sheets  were  of  the  greatest  interest.  The 
style  of  architecture  is,  in  my  opinion,  the  only  one  for 
so  grand  an  institution.  A  great  dome  in  the  centre 
would  not  so  readily  convey  the  meaning  of  the  institution. 

"  It  is  very  beautiful  that,  in  reverence,  the  true  master- 
piece of  architecture  should  dominate  your  grand  monu- 
ment to  culture,  as  from  the  Acropolis,  learning,  like  the 
rays  of  the  sun,  was  spread  over  the  earth. 

'"  The  grandeur  of  the  contour  of  the  Greek  temple 
upon  a  height  will  contrast  superbly  against  the  blue  sky. 

"  The  latest  researches  have  revealed  that  the  tinting 
of  marble  walls  and  pillars,  the  gilding  of  capitals  and 
groups  in  pediments  of  temples,  were  common  practices 
of  the  Greeks.  The  French  have  discovered  that  some 
of  their  greatest  treasures  of  antique  sculpture  were 
tinted. 

"  A  friend  of  mine.  Prof.  Otto,  of  Berlin,  has  made 
a  beautiful  marble  piece— the  Greek  Slave— which  is 
tinted,  and  has  been  accepted  and  now  stands  in  the  Na- 
tional Gallery  of  Berlin. 


"  A  reproduction  of  color  of  ycvn;  grand  te;Ti4)les  in 
light  tints,  and  the  gilding,  of  thq  Q^pjtals,.  as  lately 
successfully  accomplished  m,  tQc  &\x\?.  />cad.=>my  or  ?Ja- 
tional  Pantheon  at  Athens,  would  greatly  add  to  the 
grandeur  of  the  whole. 

"  Yours,  most  truly, 

"(Signed)         Ferdinand  Meinkcke." 

A  Memorandum  from  an  Albanian. 

Less  than  twenty  years  ago  a  Swede  began  in  Stock- 
holm a  modest  museum  to  contain  only  articles  illustrat- 
ing the  past  and  present  of  Scandinavia.  His  devotion, 
followed  by  the  enthusiastic  support  of  his  countrymen, 
have  filled  to  overflowing  five  successive  buildings. 

The  life-size  groups,  showing  costumes  and  customs 
and  historical  events,  the  antiquities,  curios,  art  products, 
and  collections  manifold,  giving  the  life  and  manners  of 
the  northwest  of  Europe  (and  all  brought  together  during 
these  two  decades) ,  almost  passes  belief.  There  is  noth- 
ing more  unique  or  interesting  in  the  Old  World.  It  is 
an  object-lesson  to  young  and  old,  and  all  in  an  out-of- 
the-way  corner  of  the  world,  with  no  constant  current 
of  tourists  or  rich  government  or  nobility  to  back  it. 

Local  pride  and  a  wish  to  educate  the  rising  genera- 
tion did  it  all. 

And  what  is  true  of  Sweden  is  true  of  every  other 
country — of  almost  every  city  and  town — in  Europe. 
The  writer  has  visited  museums  in  Japan  and  China, 
Burma,  India,  Persia,  Tin-key — even  in  Africa.  The 
U.  S.  A.  alone  has  little  use  for  museums.  What  will 
the  American  public  of  1991  say  of  this  day  and  genera- 
tion.? G.  D.  M. 


No.  6. 


"T/ie  Poinpeia  has  supplied  an  example,  in  a  finer  mixture  of 
sand  and  concrete  only,  upon  the  lines  of  the  Roman  Doric 
order,  precisely  the  material  and  forms  proposed  in  the  de- 
sign herezvith  submitted"  {p.  85). 

The  Pompeia  offers  not  one  example  only,  but  many 
illustrations  of  the  use  of  concrete.  Its  pavement,  in 
part ;  its  columns ;  architraves ;  wall  surfaces,  in  part, 
both  exterior  and  interior,  are  of  sand  concrete. 

These  have  withstood  the  severe  frosts  (20°  to  25° 
below  zero)  of  two  winters  in  Saratoga  absolutely  unaf- 
fected, except  to  increased  hardness.  The  fa9ade  is  a 
concrete  facing  upon  brick  precisely  upon  the  Roman 
method  ;  and  all  its  lines  and  angles  are  as  perfect  as 
when  finished  in  1SS9. 

Blocks  of  the  material  left  upon  the  ground  since  that 
date  show  no  eflect  whatever  by  temperature  or  storms, 
more  than  granite  or  marble.  In  fact,  many  stones  used 
for  building  purposes  in  the  United  States  cleave  by 
frosts.  The  steps  upon  the  east  front  of  the  Capitol  are 
wrecked  by  lateral  cleavage  in  seams,  and  must  soon  be 
restored.  Concrete  staircases  may  be  seen  in  Geneva, 
Switzerland,  for  ascents  from  the  streets,  as  solid  and 
homogeneous  as  flint. 


I02 


ADDENDA. 


The  ar.aexed  jiiustvalionproves  the  availability  of  fine 
conpret?  .for;ori,iaKipntal,5letails.  It  shows  a  chimney 
and  mantel' v.'ith  supporting  brackets,  all  of  fine,  washed 
sand  and  cement. 

The  Caryatides  are  of  Florentine  carved  walnut.  The 
tiles  (Spanish,  from  Valencia)  are  set  in  the  concrete. 

This  material  can  claim  no  patent  right.  It  is  as  old 
as  Roman  construction,  and  long  familiar  in  our  country 


a  general  or  special  term,  for  an  assessment  of  the  value 
of  such  land,  »  *  »  and  the  said  court  is  hereby 
authorized  and  required,  upon  such  application,  without 
delay,  to  notify  the  owners  and  occupants  of  the  land  and 
to  ascertain  and  assess  the  value  of  the  land  so  selected 
and  condemned  by  appointing  three  commissioners  to 
appraise  the  value  or  values  thereof,  and  to  return  the 
appraisement  to  the  court ;  and  when  the  values  of  such 
land  are  thus  ascertained,  and  the  President  shall  deem 


No.    133. — A  CHIMNEY  AND  MANTEL-PIECE  OF  CONCRETE  IN  THE  DRAWING-ROOM  OF  THE 
HOTEL  CASA-MONICA,  ST.   AUGUSTINE. 


in  coarse  work.  But  its  use  for  fine  details  with  a  pur- 
pose of  utmost  endurance,  has  slight  precedent  previous 
to  its  introduction  in  St.  Augustine. 


No.  7. 

Government  will  be  asked  to  condemn  the  entire  area  betmeen 
B  and  F  streets,  or  bet-weeu  B  and  E  streets,  as  were  the 
lands  for  the  Zoological  Park  (f.  93). 

Extracts  from  act  for  the  establishment  of  a  Zoological 
Park  (Approved  March  2,  1S89)  : 

"  Sec.  4.  *  *  *  That  in  order  to  establish  a  zoolo- 
gical park  in  the  District  of  Columbia,  »  »  *  a 
commission  shall-  be  constituted. 

That  the  said  commission  shall  cause  to  be  made  a 
careful  map  of  said  zoological  park ;  *  *  *  and 
the  several  tracts  and  parcels  of  land  embraced  in  such 
zoological  park  shall  be  held  as  condemned  for  public 
uses,  subject  to  the  payment  of  just  compensation.   *  »  * 

That  if  the  said  commission  shall  be  unable  to  purchase 
any  portion  of  the  land  so  selected  and  condemned  within 
thirty  days  after  such  condemnation,  by  agreement  with 
the  respective  owners,  at  the  price  approved  by  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  States,  it  shall,  at  the  expiration  of 
such  period  of  thirty  days,  make  application  to  the  su- 
preme court  of  the  District  of  Columbia,  by  petition,  at 


the  same  reasonable,  said  values  shall  be  paid  to  the 
owner  or  owners,  and  the  United  States  shall  be  deemed 
to  have  a  valid  title  to  said  lands. 


No.  8. 


The  National  Gallery  -will  "  doubtless  be  assumed  by  the  Gov- 
ernment as  soon  as  its  resultant  benefits  from  an  experimental 
beginning  shall  be  manifested."    (/.  94.) 

If  the  Greek,  Roman,  and  Saracenic  Galleries  could 
be  built,  and  some  important  reproductions  with  rich 
decorations,  supplement  in  the  Courts  the  series  of  histor- 
ical paintings  and  casts,  public  satisfaction  would  ensure 
the  rapid  completion  of  the  scheme. 

The  fascination  of  such  systematic  and  complete  ob- 
ject-lessons from  history,  especially  with  the  present 
stimulus  to  a  higher  general  education,*  can  be  with 
difliiculty  imagined.  Their  efficiency  would  depend 
largely  upon  the  tact  as  well  as  the  talent  of  .the  profes- 

*  There  is  something  intensely  pathetic  in  the  hunger  for  cul- 
ture of  tens  of  thousands  of  Americans,  in  summer  schools  all 
over  the  land,  sitting  patiently  absorbing  wisdom  in  hot  weather 
from  lectures  on  ethics  and  literature  and  science,  etc. — Boston 
Transcript,  fuly,  i8<^i. 


ADDENDA. 


103 


sors  who  should  have  in  charge  their  elucidation.  They 
should  have  an  enthusiasm  for  their  work  ;  glowing  in 
sympathy  with  the  earnest,  and  attracting  the  indifferent 
to  the  delights  of  knowledge.  The  realism  should  be 
made  as  vivid  as  possible. 

Intelligent  visitors  to  the  Pompeia  have  frequently  ad- 
vised that  attendants  should  be  in  costume.*  A  lover  of 
the  classics,  with  whom  Seneca  is  a  daily  companion, 
desires  that  it  shall  be  occupied  by  Italians,  who,  in  old 
Roman  garb,  shall  move  through  its  halls  and  dine  in 
recumbency  upon  the  couches  of  the  Triclinium.  At 
first  the  idea  savored  of  the  theatrical,  but  reflection  is 
in  favor  of  its  expediency.  The  stage  is  claimed  as  an 
educational  instrumentality  for  its  presentations  of  ancient 
life.  The  surroundings  herein  proposed  would  far  ex- 
ceed in  force  and  truthfulness  the  passing  trivial  effects 
of  the  modern  stage,  that  must  be  seasoned  with  incon- 
gruous ballet. 

Given  a  range  of  effective  paintings  of  Roman  devel- 
opment, grandeur,  and  decay  ;  adjacent  a  temple  and  the 
grand  house  of  a  Senator,  peopled  with  accurate  imper- 
sonations of  ancient  occupants ;  these  surrounded  by 
other  reconstructions  illustrative  of  the  genius  and  power 
which  wrought  their  prototypes ;  through  and  among 
these  halls  and  structures  will  pass  crowds  of  comers 
from  Maine,  Ohio,  California ;  excursions  of  teachers 
from  Wisconsin  and  Virginia.!  With  illustrated  text- 
books in  hand,  they  follow  a  speaker  discoursing  upon  the 
facts  illustrated  and  the  deductions  of  political  and  moral 
philosopiiy.  I  pre-suppose  this  professor  to  be  a  rare 
man  ;  grand  in  physique  ;  able  in  knowledge ;  energetic 
and  benevolent  in  impulse;  of  utterance  effective  with 
unction  ;  not  monotonous  in  the  Castanet  tones  of  a  show- 
man. Robed  in  the  inimitably  graceful  folds  of  the 
toga,  he  leads  the  crowd  of  eager  listeners  at  length  to  the 
Rostra.  From  its  platform  he  tells  them  that  on  such  a 
standing  place  were  debated  the  conquests  and  crises  of 
the  Roman  Empire  and  Republic. 

In  sonorous  Latin  he  quotes  from  Cicero  against  Cata- 
line,  and  then  translates  to  his  hearers  the  magnificent 
patriotism  and  dignity  of  the  oration  : 

"  Long  since,  oh  Cataline !  ought  the  Consul  to  have  doomed 
thy  life  a  forfeit  to  thy  country.     *     *     *    There  was — there  was 

*  During  the  ownership  by  Prince  Napoleon  of  the  Chateau 
in  Paris  (misnamed  Pompeian — as  it  was  Pompeian  only  in  its 
decorations),  the  troupe  of  the  Theatre  Francais  reproduced 
Roman  tableaux  in  the  Atrium  before  the  Emperor  Napoleon. 
The  scene  was  perpetuated  by  an  engraving  with  an  enthusiastic 
description  by  Gautier.  He  wrote,  in  opening — "  Antiquity  is 
the  eternal  source  of  youth  of  the  human  soul ;"  and  in  clos- 
ing— "  That  nocturnal  f^te  was  the  horizon  opened  upon  the 
past,  the  eloquent  history  of  departed  worlds." 

t  Fair  Teachers  at  the  White  House. — The  public  recep- 
tion of  the  President  yesterday  was  attended  by  2,000  people, 
principally  school  teachers  from  New  York,  New  Jersey,  and  the 
New  England  States,  on  an  excursion  to  Washington.  The 
scene  in  the  great  East  room  was  animated.  The  President 
shook  each  visitor  by  the  hand,—  Wcf/li'igton  Post,  January  /, 
i8gi. 


a  time,  when  such  was  the  spirit  of  Rome,  that  the  resentment 
of  her  magnanimous  sons  more  sternly  crushed  the  Roman 
traitor  than  the  most  inveterate  enemy." 

Again,  I  follow  a  Greek  professor  through  the  Grecian 
Galleries  and  Courts.  He  talks  before  paintings  of  Mara- 
thon, of  Thermopyla;,  of  the  Acropolis.  He  courses 
with  his  hearers  the  Colonnades  of  the  Agora  to  the 
Senate  House. 

He  is  a  native  Greek  ;  a  splendid  scholar  ;  a  naturalized 
American  citizen.  His  garb  exhibits  the  Amictus ; — 
the  chitoti,  the  tunica,  and  the  graceful  ckalmys.*  Proud 
of  the  name  of  his  race  as  that  of  Pericles,  of  Socrates 
and  Plato,  he  tells  his  hearers  that  in  halls  of  such  form 
the  Greeks  of  old  listened  to  their  orators.  In  his  native 
mellifluous  tongue  he  recites — 

Demosthenes  against  the  Crown, 

"Athens  was  never  known  to  live  in  a  slavish  though  secure 
obedience  to  unjust  and  arbitrary  power.  No!  our  whole  his- 
tory is  one  series  of  noble  contests  for  pre-eminence."     *     *    * 

"  No,  my  countrymen  !  it  cannot  be  you  have  acted  wrong,  in 
encountering  danger  bravely  for  the  liberty  and  safety  of  all 
Greece.  *  »  *  No !  by  all  those  illustrious  sons  of  Athens 
whose  remains  lie  deposited  in  the  public  monuments." 

Lord  Bolingbroke  quotes  Dyonisius,  of  Halicarnassus, 
that  "  History  is  philosophy  teaching  by  examples." 
When  philosophy  is  seated  at  the  National  Capital,  draw- 
ing from  history  such  stimulating  examples  from  the 
past,  the  youtli  of  the  Republic  will  be  advanced  toward 
the  noblest  patriotism. 

The  annexed  plate  indicates  the  facility  with  which 
sections  of  the  Alhambra  could  be  reconstructed,  in  all 
the  splendor  of  Arabesques  blazoned  in  red,  blue,  and 
gold,  with  their  oriental  accessories  of  fountains  and 
flowers,  palms,  and  pomegranates.  Therein  Americans 
might  read  in  thrilling  reality  Irving's  sketch  of  Columbus, 
''  taking  his  modest  stand  in  a  remote  corner,  tlie  humble 
and  neglected  spectator  of  the  pageant "  of  the  thanks- 
giving mass  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  and  their  conquer- 
ing host ;  flaunting  in  triumph  their  crosses  and  croziers, 
with  proud  armorial  ensigns  and  banners,  in  the  Moslem 
halls.  Despite  the  repulse  of  his  appeal  to  the  sover- 
eigns in  camps  before  Granada,  the  enthusiast  dreamed 
of  a  conquest  before  which  the  capture  of  the  Moorish 
stronghold  should  shrink  to  insignificance. 

Again,  in  imagination,  we  enter  the  restored  Saracenic 
Court.  Its  colonnades  of  light  and  graceful  arches  are 
enlaced  in  endless  intricacy,  yet  without  one  hint  of  form 
from  nature — obediently  to  the  Koran — to  make  no  imi- 
tation of  the  works  of  the  Creator.  It  is  mid-day,  and 
the  Muezzin  is  called  in  Arabic  from  the  minaret. 

Standing  in  the  simulated  pulpit  of  the  Mosque  of  Cor- 
dova, or  in  the  Court  of  the  Alhambra,  a  lecturer  sketches 
the  rise  of  Islamism  upon  the  plains  of  Arabia,  "  a  little 
cloud   like  a  man's  hand  ;"  its   outburst  into  a  cyclonic 

*  On  the  bronze  Apollo  of  the  British  Museum,  the  chalmys 
(scarf)  hangs  gracefully  from  the  arm. 


I04 


ADDENDA. 


deluge  of  tiirbaned  Turks,  that  swept  across  Africa  into 
Spain,  and  scaled  the  Pyrenees  to  the  critical  field  of 
Poitiers.  There  the  sword  of  Charles  Martel  saved  the 
ancestry  of  modern  Europe  from  extinction  in  butchery, 
or  the  imbecility  of  nothingness  ; — day-dreams  of  houris 
in  the  Mahommedan  paradise  ; — a  crisis  only  comparable 
to  that  of  victory  by  the  Spanish  Armada,  which  would 
have  eclipsed  in  darkness  the  renaissance  of  the  human 
intellect. 


This  realism  of  historical  facts  would  incite  inquiry. 
Curiosity,  the  keenest  stimulant  of  knowledge,  would 
impatiently  follow  Islamism  along  the  centuries.  In  the 
Mediasval  Galleries  students  would  join  the  crusaders 
before  Jerusalem,  Acre,  and  Damascus.  They  would 
eagerly  study  before  the  pictured  surrender  of  Granada, 
and  the  last  stand  of  the  Moors  at  Malaga  before  their 
final  merciless  expulsion  from  Europe. 

Such  instruction,  interest,  and  beauty  the  nation  can 

speedily  prepare  in 
good  measure  tor  itself 
and  for  posterity. 

Science,  capital,  en- 
ergy, inventive  skill, 
have,  for  a  century, 
been  lavished  upon 
material  development. 

Their  creations  are 
'  trans -continental  rail- 
roads, factories,  mines ; 
mountains  have  been 
scaled  ;  rivers  have 
been  spanned.  A 
tunnel  of  the  Hudson, 
at  an  estimate  of  50,- 
000,000  dollars,  ex- 
cites no  surprise  as 
chimerical ;  but  is  in 
competition  for  an  in- 
vestment. 

Resultant  gains  are 
now  lavished  upon 
Babel  -  like  structures 
for  bankers;  palaces 
for  business,  palaces 
for  hotels,  palaces  for 
private  luxury  and  dis- 
play. 

Aoir,  7nay  not  a 
small  fraction  of  this 
ivealth  be  devoted 
■with  like  ability  and 
ingenuity,  to 

A  Nationai,  Temple 
oi'  Knowledge  .'' 


No.    134. — COURT   OF   THK    MOORISH  VILLA   ZORAYDA,    WITH    ALHAMBRESQUE    TRACERY. 


A  PROPAGANDA  FOR  THE  NATIONAL  GALLERY. 


\T7HEN  an  eminent  ex-Senator  and  ex-Diplomat  of  the  United  States  saw  the 
design  for  the  National  Gallery,  he  said  with  emphasis,  "  You  should  organize 
a  Propaganda." 

To  him  the  author  is  indebted  for  the  word,  forcibly  expressing  its  definition, 
"to  spread  from  person  to  person."  It  implies  conviction  of  a  truth  and  zeal  in  its 
agitation. 

The  people  of  the  United  States  are  accustomed  to  propagandism  bf  public  inter- 
ests. In  belief  that  this  Prospectus  is  in  the  field  of  practical  wisdom, — "  that  which 
is  most  proper,  most  conducive  to  prosperity  and  happiness," — there  is  confidence  in 
its  popular  promotion. 

A  voluntary  Propaganda  is  therefore  solicited.  Especially  are  all  educators,  all 
lovers  of  knowledge  and  art,  all  public-spirited  citizens  who  strive  for  the  highest 
intelligence  of  the  people  as  the  security  for  free  institutions,  invited  to  stimulate 
public  opinion  toward  legislation  for  a  National  Gallery. 

This  book  will  be  widely  distributed  GRATIS  to  all  members  of  Congress ;  to 
the  Press;  to  Colleges,  Academies,  Superintendents  of  Schools,  Art  Associations,  etc., 
etc.,  also  to  individuals  of  philanthropic  reputation. 

Editors  are  kindly  solicited  to  mail  to  the  Washington  office  as  above,  two  copies 
of  any  references  to  this  Prospectus  for  preservation. 

Individuals  who  may  receive  the  book  will  gratify  the  undersigned  by  returning 
to  him-  an  aeknoivledgm,ent  of  its  receipt ;  and  they  will  farther  encourage  his  effort  by 
the  purchase  of  two  or  more  copies  for  presentation  to  others.  It  will  be  of  most  service 
in  the  Propaganda,  if  copies  are  sent  to  other  places  than  the  T^esidences  of  the  donors. 

J8®"  Single  copies  will  be  sold  at  50  cents  each,  postpaid. 

25  copies  will  be  sold   (in  envelopes  ready  for  the  mail)   for  $10.00. 

A  record  of  all  purchasers  of  25  copies  and  upwards  will  be  made  as  of  the 
original   PROPAGANDISTS  OF  THE   NATIONAL   GALLERY. 

A  merchant  of  New  York  is  the  first  on  this  list,  by  an  order  for  100  copies, 
and  a  young  man,  a  student  in  Andover  (Mass.)  Seminary,  is  successful  in  his  wish 
to  be  the  first  applicant  for  membership,  on  record  for  enrollment,  when  a  responsible 
organization  is  established  by  Act  of  Congress. 

As  rapidly  as  practicable,  the  Prospectus  will  be  placed  on  sale  with  prominent 
booksellers  and  art  dealers  in  cities  and  towns. 

Orders  can  be  addressed  to  the  Offices  of  the  Propaganda,  1419  F  Street,  Wash- 
ington, D.  C,  and  The  Pompeia,  Saratoga  Springs,  N,  Y.;  the  latter  only  from  May 
to  November. 

FRANKLIN  W.   SMITH. 


THK  PROPAGANDA  FOR  THE  NATIONAL  GALLERY. 

BULLETIN  No.  2. 


A  DESIGN  AND  PROSPECTUS 

FOR 

A  UNION  AVENUE  FROM  THE  EXECUTIVE  MANSION, 

AND 

A   NATIONAL   AVENUE   FROM   A   NATIONAL   CxALLERY, 

TO    THH 

NATIONAL  CAPITOL. 

BY 

FRANKLIN  W.  SMITH. 

TO    BK    ISSUED    AS   SOON    AS    ll.MJSTRATIVK    AND    DETAIL    DRAWINGS   CAN    BE    PREPARED. 


THE  grandeur  of  the  preceding  design  would  have  miserable  contrast  in  the  meanness  and 
shabbiness  of  its  approach  by  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  the  width  of  which  now  aggravates 
the  unsightly  vista  to  the  Capitol.  The  movement  of  trade  northward  has  lessened  its  commer- 
cial value,  and  its  tenantry  has  declined  to  uncomely  pursuits. 

The  stranger  views  the  towering  dome  against  the  sky  with  admiration,  but  his  impression 
of  its  sublimity  is  marred  by  side-shows  advertising— " /^Y«^.?,  Liquors^  and  Cigars ;^''  ^'' Rooms  at 
^o  cents  ;^''  ''''Hot  soup^  j  cents  a  plate  ;^^  "Ci-abs  and  clams  in  every  style ;''''  ''''French  drip  coffee,  5 
cents ;  "  ''''Lager,  5  cents.'''' 


No.    ni. — VIEW  ON  PENNSYLVAN'IA  A\UNL:h;,   WASHINGTON,  SOUTH  SIDE. 


PHOTO    BY    H.    B.    BRAOV.       MAY.  1891. 


lOJ 

These  economical  caterers  fill  a  useful  place  in  the  social  system,  supplying  the  wayfarer 
who  must  hoard  his  pennies,  and  meeting  the  needs  of  philosophers  who,  like  Dr.  Franklin,  in 
penury,  perambulate  with  "  a  roll  under  each  arm ;  "  but  their  premises  do  not  accord  with  the 
magnificent  colonnade  that  ranges  beyond  them  against  the  eastern  sky. 

The  annexed  illustrations,  taken  in  Maj^  last  for  the  present  use,  display  the  motley  an- 


No.    l-,6. — VIEW  ON   nENNSYLVANlA  AVENUE,   SOUTH  SIDE,   NEAR  BOTANICAL  GARDEN. 


f-HOTO    br    M.    6.    a«ADf.       MAY,    1891. 


nouncements  that  line  the  grand  (!)  Avenue:  ^''Lard  and  Hams ; ''''  '■''Sample  Room;''''  '■'■  Shooting 
Gallery;'''  ''^ Plumbing^'  etc.,  etc. 


PHOTO    BY    t*.ti&,    BRADY.       MAY,    1B91. 

No.    137. THE  REAR  OF  PREMISES  AT  THE    N.E.   CORNER  OF  PENNSYLVANIA   AVENUE.        THE  FRONT  OF  THE  ESTATE   IS  BEFORE 

THE  NAVAL  MONU.MENT  ANt)  THE   PRINCIPAL  ENTRANCE  TO  THE  GROUNDS  OF  THE  CAPITOL  ON  THE  WEST. 


io8 

For  years  past  public  sentiment  has  voiced  public  expectation  that  the  southern  side  of  the 
Avenue  must  at  some  time  be  vacated  in  part,  that  the  Mall  may  be  carried  through  to  the  Poto- 
mac. Yet,  lately,  block  323  has  been  bought  for  a  city  Post-OflEce,  which,  if  built,  will  be  an 
obstruction  to  a  full  renovation. 

Pennsylvania  Avenue  will  ultimately  be  Haussmanized ;  the  more  speedily  the  more  eco- 
nomicall}'',  and,  it  may  be,  the  more  profitably,  to  the  National  Treasury.  A  prompt  and  effective 
stroke  of  Napoleonic  legislation  is  demanded. 

Fig.  140  is  from  a  sketch  made  by  Gustave  Dor(5  for  Messrs.  Hachette  a  few  daj^s  before  the 
destruction  of  the  premises  in  1862.  On  the  site  of  the  Rue  des  Feves  now  stands  the  vast 
caserne^  fronting  the  palace  of  Justice,  on  the  magnificent  Boulevard  Sebastopol,  walled  with 


PHOTO   BY  M.   B.    BRADY.      MAY,  18B1. 
No.    138. — THE  BLOCK  ON  NORTH  SIDE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA  AVENUE  BETWEEN   I3TH  AND   I4TH  STREETS. 

superb  structures  for  three  miles.  In  1852,  precisely  such  wretched  houses,  in  chaotic  mass,  filled 
the  narrow  streets  on  the  site  of  'the  modern  extension  of  the  Louvre  and  the  Rue  Rivoli.  Fifty 
thousand  population  there  lived  in  a  dark  labyrinth  of  disease  and  crime.  The  wand  of  Hauss-^ 
man  swept  it  away  as  rubbish,  and  in  six  years  replaced  it  by  the  scene  of  Fig.  140.  The  new 
Rue  Rivoli  swallowed  up  more  than  500  old  houses  in  30  pestilential  streets  and  alleys.  Its 
reconstruction  cost  over  16,000,000  dollars. 

This  was  only  one  of  many  magical  transformations  that  in  one  decade  made  Paris  the  most 
splendid  city  of  the  world.  The  Faubourg  St.  Antoine  received  1,300  new  houses.  The  Boule- 
vards Haussman,  Malesherbes,  de  L'Imperatrice,  de  1 'Opera,  and  other  superb  streets,  were  built 
in  rapid  succession.  As  a  result,  the  people  were  better  housed,  and  sanitary  advantages  equalled 
the  architectural  adornment. 

Whatever  may  have  been  the  demerits  of  the  second  empire,  historians  will  place  the  con- 
structional regeneration  of  Paris  to  its  honor. 


I09 


Stick  reconstruction^  to  a  very  small  -extent  in  comparison^  is 
ington  on  economical  considerations. 

A  plan  is  clearly  defined  in  the  mind  of  the 
writer  by  which — 

First.  Pennsylvania  Avenue,  between  the 
Treasury  and  the  Capitol,  would  be  redeemed 
from  unsightliness  and  be  made  worthy  of  its 
tertnini. 

Second.  A  Union  Avenue  would  run  from 
the  Capitol  to  the  lawn  south  of  the  White 
House,  the  site,  it  is  supposed,  of  a  new  Execu- 
tive Mansion.  It  would  be  on  the  line  of  the 
present  Ohio  Avenue,  extended  eastward  and 
deflected  northward. 

Third.  A  National  Avenue  would  pass 
upon  a  line  central  under  the  Dome  of  the  Capi- 
tol to  the  proposed  Columbian  Parthenon  on 
Observatory  Hill.  With  stately  constructions 
throughout  the  Avenues,  the  architectural  vistas 
(especially  that  of  the  National  Avenue)  would 
be  of  unsurpassed  magnificence. 

This  scheme  would  involve  the  condemna- 
tion of  the  north  side  of  Pennsylvania  Avenue 
(as  shown  on  the  map,  cover),  and  to  the  south- 


immediately  demanded  for  Wash- 
Paris,  1852. 


Paris,  1862. 


N0.T4O. — THE   RUE    RUULi. 


No.    W). — THE  RUE  DES  FEVES.       GUSTAVE  DORE.       l8s2. 

ward  line  of  the  Mall. 
The  Baltimore  and  Poto- 
mac R.R.  Station  would 
be  transferred  southward 
and  the  market  north- 
ward, more  conveniently 
to  the  residential  centre. 
The  blocks  fronting  the 
present  City  Hall  should 
all  be  cleared  (as  shown 
by  shading  on  the  map) 
for  the  proper  surround- 
ing of  a  new  and  suitable 
structure.  It  will  be  ob- 
served that  south  of 
Pennsylvania  Avenue 
the  property  condemned 
is  comparatively  of  small 


no 


extent  and  value.     The  National  Avenue  would  be  almost  entirely  within  present  Government 
ownership. 

The  opinion   is   confidently  expressed  that   these   improvements  can   be   effected  at  a   large 
profit  to  the  National  Treasury  that  could  be  appropriated  to  a  Natiojial  Gallery. 

The  land  thus  cleared  would  be  newly  plotted  for  grand  constructions  with  superb  fa(;ades  in 

columnar  style,  af- 
ording  great  ac- 
commodations i  n 
attractive  apart- 
ments,  colonnaded 
around  interior 
courts  and  gardens. 
Such  properties 
would  find  imme- 
diate and  remunerative  occupation.  In  a  competitive  sale  they  would  command  great  values 
from  the  capitalists  of  the  country  and  the  world.  One  such  block  would  furnish  more  and 
better  accommodation  than  all  the  assorted  and  inferior  buildings  that  now  deface  the  Avenue. 
When  Washington  shall  have  its  National  Gallery,  these  structures  will  find  occupants  in 
thousands  of  resident  students  and  of  visitors  from  the  entire  Union.  From  the  sites  thus  pro- 
vided, Government  would  take  those  preferable  for  public  buildings  demanded. 

The  present  valuation  of  real  estate  on  Pennsylvania  Avenue  from  the  Treasury  Department 
to   the    Capitol    is 


No.  141. — Rossini's  restoration  of  the  villa  of  meC/ENas,  with  additions  by  f.  w.  smith. 


>-^^f -'^!«  liti 'i  H.:1 


but  $3,744,587  for 
land,  and  $6,278,- 
087  with  improve- 
ments. This,  prob- 
ably, is  much  less 
than  would  be  al- 
lowed on  appraisal. 
The  enhancement 
of  land  values  upon 
the  reconstruction 
proposed  would 
greatly  exceed  the 
worth  of  buildings 
destroyed. 

When  a  new 
Executive  r  e  s  i  - 
dential  mansion  is 

built,  the  present  building  will  probably  be  assigned  to  business  purposes,  save  the  East  Room 
and  the  President's  office,  to  be  preserved  for  ever  for  their  historical  interest.     The  offices  in 


No.  142. — Rossini's  restoration  of  the  villa  ok  cassius,  with  additions  by  f.  w.  smi^h. 


Ill 


illUj,. 

f  -                      n  D  Q  rjh^_a_a£^i^i^:::.^:.zi^s 

Z 

"'- -- 

No.  14';. — canina's  restoration  of  circl's  maximus  with  added  motifs  by  f.  w.  smith. 


which  the  martyr  Presidents,  Lincoln   and  Garfield,  wrought  for  their  country  should  be  per- 
petually   "  hushed 
in  solemn   black." 

Figures  141, 
142,  143,  144,  are 
hints  of  the  effec- 
tive results  im- 
agined; motifs  for 
study  and  combina- 
tion in  design. 

In  this  brief 
announcement,  o  f 
course,  only  such 
hints  are  at- 
tempted ;  but  a 
few  details  deemed 
essential  are  added, 
viz : 

1.  The  remov- 
al of  all  trees  from 
these  two  grand  Avenues  which  obstruct  the  architectural  vistas. 

2.  The  substitution  therefor  of  colonnades,  about  20  feet  wide,  at  some  distance  from  the 
facades  of  the  buildings.  These  would  afford  delightful  promenades,  always  sheltered  from  rain 
and  sun,  such  as  are  enjoyed  in  European  capitals — Paris,  Turin,  etc.  The  esplanade  above,  with 
the  porticoes,  balconies,  and  colonnades,  to  be  combined  in  the  structures  adjacent,  would  afford 

V  a  s  t  accommoda- 
tions for  the  in- 
creasing thousands 
who  in  the  future 
will  throng  the 
Capital  on  inaug- 
ural and  other  cere- 
monial occasions. 

I  imagine  these 
Avenues  in  c  i  r  - 
cuitous  connection,, 
grander  than  that 
of  ancient  Palmyra, 
through     which 

No.  144. — suggestion  for  colonnades  through  union  and  national  avenues,     f.  w  s.MiTH,  DESS.  rode  Zenobia  to  the 


^^^^ 

'ir"  "  f  "  ■ 

i.-:yi->  rr.-:  -r..:.,--^-:!;-'-  I'T-ITT—TTT:                         T 

■  r^-^'>fif"^Tf■^firfTril^n^^ff^•'•~1^^"'^^ 

1 

112 

Temple  of  Helios,  the  Sun  God — the  handsomest,  bravest,  most  learned,  most  prudent  of  women — 
in  the  combined  pomp  of  Roman  and  Oriental  ceremony  and  display. 

As  in  Palmyra,  they  would  be  flanked  by  colonnades  and  projecting  porticoes,  the  friezes  and 
pediments  bearing  in  letters  of  golden  bronze  the  farewell  injunctions  of  Washington  to  future 
generations  of  the  Republic ;  the  benign  utterances  of  lyincoln,  and  other  like  inspirations  to 
wisdom  and  patriotism  from  departed  statesmen  and  heroes  of  the  nation.  Votive  columns  would 
rise  to  their  honor,  like  that  to  Oranes  in  the  Palmyrene  Capital :  "  By  the  Senate  and  the  people : 
as  a  lover  of  his  country,  and  in  every  regard  deservdng  well  of  his  country  and  of  the  immortal 
Gods." 

But  towering  above  the  colonnades  of  Palmyra  on  the  National  Avenues  of  the  modern 
Republic,  would  appear  practical  constmctions  to  be  profitably  utilized^  beyond  Grecian  and 
Roman  proportions,  and  borrowing  their  dignity,  symmetry,  and  beauty. 

Such  designs  will  have  the  same  facility  and  economy  of  concrete  construction,  with  the 
same  accuracy  of  architectural  requirements,  as  hereinbefore  described  for  the  National 
Gallery. 

The  Circus  Maximus  of  Rome  received  150,000  people,  who  thronged  from  the  utmost 
limits  of  the  Empire  to  witness  games  in  honor  of  the  gods. 

By  intelligent  and  enterprising  legislation  the  circuit  of  a  Union  and  National  Avenue  is 
an  easy  possibility,  that  shall  place  in  grand  array  a  far  greater  throng  of  American  citizens  to 
hail  the  inauguration  of  President  Good-Man  in  1901 ;  the  first  on  the  list  ofi  the  Tv^Ei^TiKi'ii 
Century. 

Note. — On  the  plan  it  will  be  noticed  that  the  north  side  of  F  street,  west  of  the  War  and  Navy  buildings,  is  also  marked  for 
condemnation.  It  is  with  the  imagined  substitution  of  a  grand  structure  for  the  ex/tibitioji  oftuorkiiig  models  of  American  inventions 
in  place  of  the  unsightly  Winder  Building;  and  beyond  of  other  large  residental  blocks  for  the  staff  and  resident  students  of  the 
(future)  National  Gallery.  It  would  doubtless  be  a  profitable  operation  to  the  National  Treasury  if  the  entire  area  north  to  Pennsyl- 
vania Avenue  were  condemned,  replotted,  and  sold  for  ornamental  constructions  with  prescribed  plans  and  specifications. 


BULLETIN  No.  3. 

If  time  and  ability  for  study  and  travel  are  allowed  to  the  writer^  including  an  examination  of 
Assyrian  Antiquities  in  Europe^  and^  if  possible^  a  journey  to  their  07'iginal  sites  in  the  East,  there 
will  be  published 

A  DESIGN  FOR  A  RE-CONSTRUCTION  OF  THE  ASSYRIAN  THRONE  ROOM  (see  page  72), 

as  proposed  for  the  National  Gallery,  with  full-page  colored  illustrations;  also  descriptive  and  pic- 
torial details  upon  an  enlarged  scale  of  other  reproductions  advised. 


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THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  UBRARY 


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